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Congress of Racial Equality Found
-Civil Rights: rights that allows for individuals to participate in society with the protection against segregation
-Founded by a group of college students in Chicago that used nonviolent protest in attempt to make a change in society
-Spread itself in the Northern part of the country first then moved itself down to the south in the late 1950's -
Brooklyn Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
-Colorline: A line between blacks and whites, based iff of differences with customs, laws, and economics
-Fans didn't like the idea of a black man playing on the team, even some of his teammates were not open to the idea.
-Robinson crossing the colorline caused for football to become interrogated in 1946 and for baseball to become integrated in 1950 -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: separating a group of people from the rest because of a trait that makes them different
-Was issued by President Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the in military
-With this order, equality would be given no matter what race, color, religion, and national origin. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam: Religious group that worked towards establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
-Malcom X: Leader of black nationalism
- At one point, blacks started to dress differently and wear their hair in Afros
-Black partner party was starting to fight back against whites -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: Attorney for the NAACP who helped to win thee court case
-Ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional
-Case stayed in the Supreme Court for a year and a half
-Chief Justice, Earl Warren, helped persuade the other judges leading to an unanimous decision -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott: Refusal from doing something as a sign of protest
Rosa Parks: 43 years old African American who started the movement
-Was a movement in which African Americans refused to take buses in hopes of making the bus systems/seating better
-The Boycott lasted 381 days -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: The first 9 black students to go to school with whites.
-Whites disapproved of this and gathered around the school in a mob to protest.
-Eight of the Nine finished the school year. -
First Lunch-Counter Sit-in
-Sit-in in a public facility as a means of peaceful protesting
-Jim Crow Laws: Laws that made racial segregation okay in the South
-African American college kids went into Woolworths everyday
-Students were attacked by white customers and store owners -
Birmingham Campaign
SCLC-(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) an African American Civil Rights Group who's first President was Martin Luther King Jr.
- African-American flooded the streets in protest, where police sprayed them with strong fire hoses
- over 1,000 young kids, some as young as five, left school to protest one the streets -
March on Washington
NAACP- Organization that stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-more than 250,000 people gathered for the jobs and freedom that African Americans deserved
-About 60,00 whites also Protested -
Civil Rights act of 64
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 court case that determined separate but equal facilities.
Civil Rights Act banned discrimination. July 2 1964
originally Kennedy's idea, President Johnson was able to get it passed -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: To not let somebody vote
-The number of African American voters in the South increased from 1 million to 3.1 million between 1964-68
-Most whites supported the cause -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission: Governor Otto Kerner. Jr of Illinois was sent to go see what the causes of the riots were and his reports became an instant best seller
-Ghettos: A slum where minorities live
-Incident that occurred because of an African American motorcyclist being pulled over for being "drunk"
-Blacks started setting everything on fire and looting stores to show their anger -
Black Panther party Founded
-Black Power: The act of an African Americans having economic and political power
-The panthers practiced militant self defense of minority communities against the U.S. government
-Worked towards socialism -
Civil Rights act of 1968
-Discrimination- Treating things differently based on their appearance
-A law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-Also gave the federal government the authority to file lawsuits against those who violated the law. -
Swann v. Charolette - Meckelnberg Board of Education
-Desegregation: Ending racial segregation
-1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
-This case raised the question of whether de facto segregation caused by housing patterns was constitutional. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative Action- A group of people who tend to suffer
-1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion in school admissions
-Lewis Powell thought race could be used as a criterion in choosing students but opposed the system of preferential treatment used by the University of California
