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Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case. NAACP's lawyer.
- Public schools became de-segregated
-Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school that was closer to her home, case was argued in front of the Warren Court. -
Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
- color line: Separates whites from nonwhites. -Jackie Robinson was involved in this event because e was the first black person to ever be hired by a white team, and this is what started the color line to "disappear." -At the beginning the players did not like the fact that they had to play with a black person, the other team tried to "bean" Robinson, and fans would taunt him.
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Executive Order 9981
-segregation: the act of separating multiple "kinds" even though they are all still human just different colors.
-It was vise versa between the african americans and the white that one hates the idea of de-segregation and the other refusing to fight in a segregated army, so Truman signed this to end segregation in military.
- African americans still fight in wars and they contribute but they still get criticized when they come back home. -
Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
-Civil Rights: goal to protect individual freedom from the government
-Group of students founded it
-Counseled migrants, and black social workers
-First action: sit-in segregation coffee shop it was a peaceful protest. -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
- Martin Luther King was the leader of this Campaign -SCLC: a goal of nonviolence protesting to get their point across. -Without a license you could and would get arrested, you would stay there for awhile, despite that people still decided to protest.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- After Kennedy died, Lyndon B. Johnson still tried to push for the bill to happen, after stalling in the Senate, it finally passed in 1964. -This also happens to be when King gave his famous "I have a dream" speech. -Plessy v. Ferguson: a U.S. Supreme Court that allowed and sometimes required for the segregation going away, allowing the different colors to use white's bathroom and be with the whites in other places.
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First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Four african americans students who did not like how they were refused.
-After the first day, the next day 20 more people decided to show up.
- Jim Crow laws and sit-in: Jim Crow basically meaning "negro" that separates the blacks with whites. The colored would have to sit in/ be at the colored only sign areas. -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience and SNCC: Refusal of complying with some laws and student meeting organized by Ella Baker.
-Mixture of blacks and whites who think the intersection shouldn't be segregated busses, that it should be integrated.
-Angry white mobs would follow the busses and set them on fire also would physically abuse the people on the bus. -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: a group of nine students enrolling in a school called Little Rock.
-Nine students are involved in this to integrate high schools.
-Governor Orval Faubus said that he does not support segregation. -
March on Washignton
-NAACP: to fight the Jim Crow law basically any law stating tat colored ad whites can not be the same space.
-A. Philip Randolph, was the guy who proposed the march and also the the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
-More than 250,000 people marched. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
-Many people who knew or respected Rosa Parks joined in because of the unfairness and the amount of respect they have for Parks.
-90% of the african americans honored the boycott
-Boycott and Rosa Parks: Rosa parks is the one who refused to give up her seat to a white person. Boycott is like protest type of thing where you refuse to do something and people join in on it because they believe that it needs to be boycott, for their personal reasons. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-disenfranchise: not letting a certain someone to vote
-All the people who weren't allowed to vote before were involved in this.
-This act also called for the federal government to watch over the voters in where less than half of the voting age citizens were registered to vote. -
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Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: A movement in support of the rights and political power for the blacks.
-African Americans influenced by Malcolm X were Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.
-They chose black panther because, a panther is a vicious animal and they don't back down, it is like symbolism to them.
(Note: this timespan does not let me put a picture in. But the picture is the one where it has a panther on the "pin".) -
Advocates for Black Natonalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X: Nation of islam: AKA black muslims who promote the from being separate of the whites. Malcom was a convict.
-Malcom X was involved in this, he became the preacher,even after being in jail
-Muhammad thought that the blacks were first in the world before they got "tricked". -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action: favoring those who are discriminated from things such as work or school.
-Lewis Powell was against the system but thought that the race could be used to criterion in choosing students.
-The ruling, did not end the debate of the affirmative action and preferential treatment towards women and minorities. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination: The unjust treatment you are getting based on your race, and other qualities.
-At first it was the effort of King to make the law pass but it wasn't until after King's assassination that Congress took charge.
-In effort black communities tried to join with bankers and realtors to encourage open housing in Chicago. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation: the ending of segregation
-A federal judge and Supreme Court, federal judge ruling that they need to be more integrated while the Supreme disagreeing.
-Students would be bused daily to create more racially balanced schools. -
Watts Riot
-African Americans who were frustrated for the poverty, police mistreatments and prejudice.
-The riot lasted 6 days.
-Kerner Commission & ghettos: Investigating the causes of the race riots. Ghettos are basically very broken down houses, barely a house.
