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Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. He lived in Illinois from 1833 to 1843, which was a free state. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 forbids slavery. Scott filed suit in Missouri for his freedom because he was living in free territory made him a free man but lost. We decided to file another suit against his master that no descendant of slaves could be citizen in sense of the third amendment. -
13th Amendment
This amendment was often called the Civil Rights Amendment. It mainly focused on slavery. Slaves weren't allowed to leave the United States for a punishment. -
14th Amendment
This amendment was originally intended to protect the legal rights of previously enslaved people. Now it protects the rights of citizenship. It gives all citizens the equal right of protection in all the states. -
15th Amendment
The 15th amendment doesn't allow the government to deny a person the right to vote based on their race. Many states would make African Americans make them pay taxes to vote and make them take literacy tests so they couldn't vote. Congress then passed a law to end racial discrimination in voting rights. -
Jim Crow Era
Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system. It was a belief that whites were superior to blacks. The whites wanted to be separated from the blacks so the made signs to show what the blacks were allowed to use and what the whites were allowed to use. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Louisiana enacted the Separate Car Act. It required separate railways for blacks and whites. A group of people from New Orleans residents sought to repeal the Act. Plessy lawyers argued that this Act violated the 13th and 14th amendments. -
Nineteenth Amendment
This amendment was the Women Suffrage. It gave the women right to vote. In many states, women already had the right to vote but putting it in an amendment made sure that every state gave women the right to vote. -
Brown v. Board of Education
This case is about segregated schools. African American students were denied going to certain public schools based on laws that public schools can be segregated by race. Having segregated schools violated the Equal Protection Clause and the 14th amendment. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Congress passed Public Law 88-352. It prohibits discrimination on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This Act keeps everything equal. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He wanted to help African Americans get the right to vote. He aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels. -
Affirmative Action Law
The Affirmative Action Law was designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination among applicants. It helps protect veterans, and people with disabilities. President Lyndon B. Johnson passed this law. -
Reed v. Reed
The Idaho Probate Code specified that "males must be preferred to females". After her adopted son died, Sally and Cecil wanted to name the administrator of their son's estate. Cecil was appointed administrator and Sally challenged the law in court according to the Probate Code. -
Equal Rights Amendment
It guarantees equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. This amendment was made intended to help end legal distinctions between men and women if they were to get a divorce. Sex shouldn't be determine the legal rights against a male or female. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Allan Bakke was an old white man that applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. He was rejected both times. He believes it was because of his race. -
Bowers v. Hardwick
Michael Hardwick was charged with violating a Georgia statute that criminalized sodomy. He was charged because an officer was observing him while engaging in the act of consensual homosexual sodomy with another adult in the bedroom of his home. Georgia's statute was unconstitutional. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Protects law the civil rights of people with disabilities. It helps them from being discriminated against. It was passed by Congress in 1990. -
Motor Voter Act
This act was also known as The National Voter Registration Act of 1993. It set forth certain voter registration requirements with respect to elections for federal office. Section 5 of the NVRA requires that States offer voter registration opportunities at State motor vehicle agencies. -
Lawrence v. Texas
Lawrence and Garner were arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of a Texas statute. He was only caught because an Houston police entered John Lawrence due a reported weapons disturbance in a private residence. This case was not ruled unconstitutional due to the 14th amendment. -
Obergefell v. Hodges
Groups of same-sex couples challenge the constitutionality of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same-sex marriages. This cased argued that it violated Equal Protection Clause. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit said it didn't violate the 14th amendment.