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The Pennsylvania Railroad needed workers so badly that it paid the travel expenses of 12,000 blacks.
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Illinois Central Railroad provided free railroad passes for blacks
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Some blacks were about to purchase land, most were sharecroppers, tenant farmers, or farm labors, barely subsiding from year to year.
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Defined excludables as "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" which made few Chinese enter the country under the 1882 law.
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It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. Provided absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.
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The Chinese Exclusion was signed by President Chester A. Arthur which suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization as American citizens.
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Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act
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The extension of the Geary Act added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, she or he faced deportation. The Geary Act required Chinese immigration until the 1920s.
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The first large movement occurred during WWI when 454,000 black southerners moved north.
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The movement of about 5 million southern blacks to teh north and west between 1915 and 1960. Majority of the migrants moved to major northern cities such as Chicago, Illiniois, Detroit, Michigan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and New York.
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800,000 blacks left the south, followed by 398,000 blacks in the 1930s -
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By World War II, the migrants continued to move North but many of them headed west to Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, California, Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington.
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Between 1940 and 1960 over 3,348,000 blacks left the south for northern and western cities.
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Congress repealed all the exlusion acts having a yearly limit of 105 Chinese and gave foreign-born Chinese the right to seek naturalization.
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Limit of 170,000 immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere could enter the United States, with a maximum of 20,000 from any one country.
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The most comprehensive change in legal immigration since 1965. The act established a "flexible" worldwide cap on family-basked, employment-based, and diversity immigrant visas. Also provides that visas for any single foreign state in these categories may not exceed 7 percent of the total available.