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US/World- Beginning of the Civil War- U.S.
On April 12, 1861 Confederate soldiers fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Harbor, making the union surrender the first battle of the civil war. The states were divided into North and South territories, Union being the North and Confederate was the South, because of the moral issue of slavery. Later the North would win the Civil War. -
US/World- The Gettysburg Address
The Gettysburg Address is a speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863. He was asked to give a “few appropriate remarks” at the dedication of Soldier’s National Cemetery, a cemetery for union soldiers killed at the battle of Gettysburg during the civil war. He honored the Union dead and reminded the listeners of the purposes of the soldiers’ sacrifices; equality, freedom, and national unity. -
Chemistry-Law of Octaves
John Newland discovered the Law of Octaves in London. He proved that when elements are placed in increasing order of their atomic mass, elements an eighth apart from each other are similar. The name is significant because an octave is a group or series of eight and elements eight away from each other have similar chemical and physical properties. One problem is this classification is only true with a few elements and isn’t valid for elements having atomic masses higher than Ca. -
US/World- President Lincoln Assassinated
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 11, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre by John Wilkes Booth. Booth was a successful actor from Maryland. He was raised around slavery and racism and didn’t agree with Lincoln’s speeches. He shot Lincoln in the middle of a play he was attending with his wife, Major Rathbone, and Clara Harris. -
US/World- Andrew Johnson Impeached- US
On February 24, 1868 the US House of Representatives voted adopting 11 articles of impeachment to Andrew Johnson the 17th president of the US. His crimes and misdemeanors for impeachment include, the majority was political conflict, and firing a disloyal member of the cabinet who refused to carry out the presidents policies and conspired against the president. -
Chemistry- Mendeleev's Periodic Table- Russia
Discovered in 1871 but introduced in 1869, by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, in Russia. He put the elements in the correct order in the periodic table, when the atomic mass for some elements had been wrongly calculated by others. On the periodic table he left spaces empty for elements that were not discovered yet, and made predictions of properties for five different elements, three of which he accurately predicted. -
Chemistry- Discovery of the Electron- U.K.
In 1897, J.J Thomson discovered the electron in the U.K. In the cathode ray experiment he placed cathode tubes with an electric current that would move particles side to side, the cathode rays bent to one side so he concluded that the rays must be made of some kind of particle which he called a "corpuscle", today known as an electron. Thomson discovered the idea of the electron and its purpose in the atom, but G. Johnstone Stoney in 1891 was the person who coined the word "electron". -
US/World- The Beginning of the Spanish American War
The Spanish American War officially started in April of 1898. The war started to build up a few years ago when Cuba was fighting for independence from Spain. The U.S. took Cuba’s side and did all they could to help the rebels causing Spain to declare war on America on April 24, 1898. America soon followed on the next day, and Spain was vastly outnumbered. On May first a U.S. naval squadron was led into a bay in the Philippines and destroyed a Spanish fleet. -
Chemistry- the Plum Pudding Model- U.K.
Discovered in 1903 by J.J. Thomson, an English physicist in the U.K. Thomson found in his model that the atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a uniform positive charge to equally balance out the electrons negative charge that are distributed throughout. Later disproved correct by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909 gold foil experiment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU8nMKkzbT8 -
US/World- Great San Francisco Earthquake- US
On April 18, 1906 at 5:12 AM, on the coast of Northern California, an earthquake occurred causing around 3,000 deaths and destroying 80 percent of the city of San Francisco. -
Chemistry- Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
The Gold Foil experiment, by Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester, was created to study the effect of negatively charged particles on matter. He studied the absorption of radio activity by thin sheets (0.00004cm thick) gold foil. Rutherford found two components, alpha radiation and beta radiation. -
Chemistry- Discovery of the Proton
In 1920, Eugen Goldstein discovered positively charged particles in the atom, but had no clue what they were and why they were there. Ernest Rutherford in 1911 preformed experiments to test radioactivity, in one experiment he found that the atom has to have a concentrated positive center charge, he suggested the nucleus would contain a particle with a positive charge called the proton. -
US/World- Titanic Disaster- Atlantic Ocean
On April 14, 1912 at 11:40 P.M., in the Atlantic Ocean the RMS Titanic hit an iceberg which ruptured five of the ships compartments. The ship was four days into its voyage to America before its final sinking at 2:20 A.M. on April 15 1912. Out of 2,240 passengers on board more than 1,500 lost their lives with only around 705 survivors. -
Chemestry- Moseley/Atomic Numbers
The discovery of the atomic number was made by Henry Gwyn-Jefferies Moseley in England. The atomic number gives the number of protons in the nucleus. Moseley measured the frequency of X-rays given off by different elements. He found that each element gave a different frequency that was mathematically related to the position of the element in the periodic table. Further research led him to prove the elements were ordered unintentionally by the number of protons. -
Chemistry- Bohr's Planetary Model of the Atom- England
Discovered in 1913 by Niels Henrik David Bohr from researching Manchester England with Ernest Rutherford. Found that electrons occupy particular orbits around the nucleus based on the quantum of the action. He found that electromagnetic radiation from an atom occurred when an electron moved to a lower-energy orbit. Bohr experimented with the spectral line series and proposed that the energy lost by the electron in an abrupt transition is the same as the energy of the quantum of light emitted. -
US/World- World War One
World War 1 began in 1914 and lasted exactly four years, three months, and 14 days. 135 countries took part in World War 1, and more that 15 million people died. The war was fought between the Allies and the Central Powers. The Allies included Russia, France, Italy, and the United States. The Central Powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. A primary cause of World War 1 was disagreement over foreign policy. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war. -
Chemistry- Schrodinger Equation
The Schrodinger equation is the fundamental equation of Physics for describing quantum mechanical behavior. Written by Erwin Schrödinger at the University of Zurich, this equation describes how the wave function of a physical system evolves over time. -
US/World- Great Depression- Worldwide
Originating in the United States, from 1929 to 1939 the stock market crashes leaving civilians in economic depression. Personal income, tax, revenue, profits and prices all dropped and international trade raised over fifty percent. -
Chemistry- Discovery of the Neutron
James Chadwick, who at the time was researching in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, discovered the neutron as scientists were beginning to wonder why the atomic mass of an atom was not equal to the mass of the protons in the nucleus. He found that there were particles with similar mass of a proton also in the nucleus. -
US/World-The Beginning of World War Two
World War 2 started in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France were Poland’s allies so they declared war on Germany. Germany made treaties with Italy and Japan. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States entered the war
