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Chapter 17
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African American Protest Discrimination (Part of EQ #7)
A. Philip Randolph called on African Americans everywhere to come to the captial and to march under the banner "We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Fight for Our Country," on July 1st, 1941. In respond to this march, FDR had a conversation with Randolph to stop the march, but Randolph said no that he can't stop the march. In the end, FDR fullfilled Randolph's wishes of hiring at labor unions without discrimination. -
Pearl Harbor Attack
In the early morning, more than 180 Japanese warplanes and a bomber attacked Pearl Harbor. At 9:30 am, the last plane left Pearl Harbor. The result of Pearl Harbor was 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 more were wounded. Along with 21 ships were sunk or damaged and more than 300 aircrafts were severly damaged or destroyed. This was the reason that the U.S entered WWII. -
America's Alliance with Britian
Two days after Pearl Harbor, Prime Minister Winston Churchill wired President Roosevelt about Roosevelt's problem and soon Roosevelt invited Churchill to come over for a conference, which started an alliance between two nations. -
Office of Scientific Research and Development plans of making a bomb
In 1942, Office of Scientific Research and Development set up an intensive program to develop a bomb as quickly as possible. This became known as the Manhattan Project. -
The Battle of the Atlantic
After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. joined in the Battle of the Atlantic. The German aim in this battle was to cut all supplies being delivered to the Soviet Union and the British by having their German Wolf Pack attacking American ships. To counter this, the Allies had organized their cargo ships into convoys that were equiped with sonars that are able to detect German U-boats. By the mid 1943, the Battle of the Atlantic had turned, resulting in the Allies winning. -
Congress of Racial Equality (Core)
In 1942, civil rights leader James Farmer founded CORE to confront urban segregation in the North. But the violence of 1943 in Detriot revealed black and white of how serious the racial tensions had become in the U.S. By 1945, more than 400 communities had been established by American communities to improve race relations. -
Doolittle's Raid (EQ #8)
In the spring of 1942, the Allies began to turn the tide against the Japanese. The push began on April 18 with a daring raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led the raid along with 16 bomber in the attack. This raid lift the spirits of Americans and at the same time dampen the spirits in Japan. -
Battle of the Coral Sea
In May 1942, Allies forces (mainly Americans and Australians) succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward Australia in the five day battle of the Coral Sea. This battle was only done by airplane warfare, and this was the first time since Pearl Harbor that a Japanese invasion had stopped and turned back. -
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps Formation (WAAC) (Part of EQ #7)
Formed by George Marshall. Congress made the bill that establish WAAC became a law on May 15, 1942. Later in July 1943, after thousands of women had enlisted into WAAC, the U.S. Army dropped the "auxiliary" status and granted WACs full U.S. Army benefits. -
The Battle of Midway (Part of EQ #5)
Admiral Chester Nimitz and his fleet moved to Midway to intercept Japanese forces when they encoded Japanese codes. Allies won this battle, and the only lost were four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. This was a turning point in the Pacific War. -
The Battle of Stalingrad (Part of EQ #5)
The German army confidently approach Stalingrad in August 1942. Stalin order his troops to defend Stalingrad no matter what the cost because that was his namesake city. However, Germany lost the battle due to winter setting in and they surrender on January 31, 1943. This became a turning point in the war in Europe, even though the Soviet Union lost almost 1 million soldier in the battle. -
The North African front
In November 1942, about 107,000 Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa. This invasion was leaded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. In May 1943, the last of the Afrika Korps surrendered and the Allies took control over North Africa. -
Tension in Los Angeles
In the violent summer of 1943, Los Angeles exploded in anti-Mexican "zoot suit" riots. The riots began when 11 sailors were attacked by zoot-suit-wearing Mexican Americans. This cause a chain reaction that led to many arrests of anyone who wore zoot-suits. This lasted about a weeks and resulted in the beatings of hundreds Mexican-American youth and minorities. -
The Italian Campaign
Even before the battle of North Africa was won, Allies planned to attack Italy because they thought it would be safer to attack it first. Sicily was capture on the summer of 1943. Also on July 25, 1943, King Victor Emmanuel III stripped all of Mussilini's power and had him arrested. The battle for Italy was not over until Germany itself was close to collapse. -
Korematsu v. United States (Part of EQ #7)
In 1944, the Supreme Court decided, in Korematsu v. United States, that governments policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camp was justified on the basic of "military necessity." -
GI Bill of Rights
In 1944, in order to help ease the transition of returning servicemen to civilian life, Congress passed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, which was better known as the GI Bill of Rights. This provide education and training for returning servicemen that was paid by the federal government. -
D-day
On June 6, 1944, was the first day of the invasion to liberate France. Orginally it was set to the 5th, but due to bad weather, it was delayed. -
Liberation of the death camps
In July 1944, Soviet troops were the first to come across one of the Nazi death camps, which was Majdanek in Poland. When they arrived they were horrified what they had dicovered. There was still evidence within the camp since SS guards didn't have enough time to burn all the evidence. -
Allies liberate parts of Europe
The allies freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg by September 1944. This help Roosevelt win his fourth term. -
The Battle of the Bulge
After Allies capture the first German town in October 1944, (which was Aachen), Hitler order his troops to break into Allies territory to recapture the Beligian port of Antwerp. He had eight tanks to break Allies defenses and they droved 60 milies into their territoy, this was known as the Battle of the Bulge. At the end of the battle, Germany were pushed back and lost many of their forces that they can't replace, and the Nazis could do little but retreat. -
The Yalta Conference
In February 1945, the Big three which the three main Allies Nation leaders were called, met at a resort in Yalta to toasted on the certain defeat of Germany. This was also the place where they decided on how Germany was divided with the three nation. Roosevelt act as the meditator between both the Soviet Union and the British because of two reasons. One was the Soviet Union support in fight with Japan, and the second would be the creation of the United Nation which came true. -
Iwo Jima
After retaking much of the Philippines and liberating American prisoners of war there, Allies turn toward Iwo Jima. It was cruical to take this island so that it could be a base for American heavy bombers that could reach Japan. It was consider the most heavily defended spot on earth, due to 20,700 Japanese soldier entrenched in tunnels and caves within the island. -
The Battle for Okinawa
In April 1945, U.S. Marines invaded Okinawa. This was a fiercer battle than it was in Iwo Jima. The battle ended on July 21, 1945. Japan had more deaths than the Allies with almost 110,000 deaths. After this battle, Churchill predicted the cost of deaths were a million for Americans and half for British. -
Roosevelt's Death
On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt had a stroke and died while posing for a portrait in Warm Spring, Georgia. That night, Vice President Harry S. Truman became the 33rd nation President. -
V-E Day
On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E day which was known as Victory in Europe day that mark the war in Europe was finally over. -
Truman's Decision (EQ #6)
On July 25, 1945, Truman ordered the military to make final plans for dropping two bombs on Japanese targets. He even wrote Japan a threat letter a day later that they will receive "prompt and utter destruction" unless they surrendered. -
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay released two bombs named Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Fat Man was released three days after Little Boy was released. This lead to Japan surrendering. -
The Nuremberg War Trials
Within the time of November 20, 1945, through October 1, 1946, were trials to appoint 24 survivng Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity, crimes against peace, and war crimes. In the end, half of them were sentenced to death, and most of them remain in prision. -
Japanese American Citizen League (JACL)
In 1965, Congress authorized the spending of $38 million for the purpose of the JACL compensation of Japanese Americans who went to the camps for their lost property. This was less than a tenth of Japanese Americans' actual losses. -
JACL didn't give up
The JACL didn't stop there. In 1978, it was called for the payment of reparation, or restitution, to each indivdual that suffered internment. -
Japanese Reparation
A decade later, Congress passed and President Ronald Reagan signed, a bill that promised $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to relocation camps.
