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Feb 1, 1200
Gothic Cathedrals
Appearing in France in the year 1140, gothic cathedrals marked the era of new architecture. New cathedrals with pointed arches replaced older Roman columns. This allowed for gothic cathedrals to become enormous incorporating stained glass windows and flying buttresses. The men who desgined these churhces had little to no education in the field of engineering. -
Feb 1, 1200
Population and peasants
Society was mostly divided by class and gender in 1200. A lot of Europeans were serfs, obliged to till soil on large estates owned by the nobility and the church. Standard of life in a manor was in sharp contrast to that in peasants one room cottages. Rural life showed men and women at work in fields where women were subordinate to men. Immense social inequality and resulted in a rapid growth of Europes population. -
Period: Feb 1, 1200 to Feb 1, 1500
Chapter 14: The Latin West
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Feb 1, 1271
Hanseatic league
The sea trade of Genoa on west coast of Italy expanded. People established colonies on shores and this became known as the Hanseatic league. Trading cities included coats of Prussia. Skilled artisans turned raw wool from English sheep into cloth and appealed to wealthy Europeans. -
Feb 1, 1272
Persecution and Protection of Jews.
The largest Jew popuation was in Spain, because earlier Islamic leaders welcomed them. Commercial cities welcomed Jews because of their business skills. However, Jews were subject to frequent violence. Persecution peaked in times of crisis, such as the Black Death. Terrifed Jews either left the cities or converted to Christianity. -
Feb 1, 1346
The Black Death
The black death solved the overpopulation crisis in Europe by killing off about a 1/3 of the total population. The black death orginated in Asia and hit the Mongol armies. The plaque was spread by traders. The plaque was a combination of two diseases: anthrax (disease to humans from cattle) and the bubonic plaque (bites of fleas on rats to humans). Black death lead to extreme changes in social behavior. Skilled and manual laborers demanded higher pay for theit services -
Feb 1, 1378
Great Western Schism
period when rivlal papal claimants at Avignon and Rome vied for the loyalties of Latin Christians. It was resolved by returning the papal to Rome, thus gaining its independence. However, the crisis broke the pope's ability to challenge the powerful monarchies in the regions. English monarchs wielded more centralized power as a result of the consolidation. -
Feb 1, 1388
First Antipollution law
Rapid growth of industry changed the geopgraphy and landscape of Europe immensley. Pollution became a serious problem due to the increase in population and urbanization therefore water became contaminated. The English past the first antipollution law, although enforcing it was diffuclt. Deforestation was very significant and forests were cleared for farming. -
Feb 1, 1450
Mines and mills
Mining, metal working and energy expanded immensely in the 13th centuries. It is considered as a industrial revolution. Mills powered by water and wind were used to grind grain, make paper, leather, and crush olives. The flow of rivers turned into the water wheels, and ensured a steady flow of water throughout the year. Windmills common in dry lands where ice made water useless. -
Feb 1, 1452
Leonardo Da Vinci
da Vinci used oil paints for his incredible and considered to be the most famous piece of art: the Mona Lisa. Other works he did included the fresco, The Last Supper, bronze sculptures, and even desgins for airplanes, tanks, and submarines. Leonardo also had a younger contemporary, Michelangelo. The patronage of wealthy merchants helped blossom the Renaissance. -
Feb 1, 1453
Hundred Years War
The prolonged conflict between the king of France and his vassals. This was important because it changed poltics and warefare dramatically. New miltary technology shaped the conflict: inventions such as the English longbow destroyed the French. Armor became heavy as a result and firearms became promient in the later stages in the war. At the end of the war, the french used the canon to destroy the English thus establishing control over the region
