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The Conquest (Battle on the Plains of Abraham)
General James Wolfe, Marquis Montcalm
The British troops had taken control of the St. Lawrence, had held the city of Quebec under siege. In a last-ditch effort, Montcalm marched a group of militia into battle
The Plains of Abraham
09/13/1759
The British and French were locked in a battle over the control of Canada, this was another battle in an attempt to route the Fench out of the country
This battle marked a turning point where the British took control of Canda, affecting French citizens -
The Royal Proclamation determines that First Nations are sovereign
King George III
The Royal Proclamation was a document that recognized the lands and rights of indigenous peoples. it stated that they retained any lands not ceded or sold
North America
1763
This proclamation laid the framework for further negotio=ations and treaties with the first nations peoples
Although this document reconciled the colonist relationship with the natives and made the indigenous people more open to negotiation, the document angeredmany colonists looking tho expand -
Lord Durham's Report - Specifically how it encouraged the assimilation of Francophone colonists
Lord Durham, British and Canadian government
Durham's report was a report back to the British government about Canada's state. It suggested reforms, including responsible government, the assimilation of Francophones, and unifying Canada
Canda
The report was completed in 1839, Unity occurred in 1841, Responsible government followed in 1847
The report was written as a result of the twin rebellions
Francophone citizens resented Durham and his report as they were determined to keep their culture -
The Indian Act is first created
Federal Government
The Indian act was a piece of legislation passed that would define how the colonists were to interact with the natives, it covered topics regarding the protection of the first nations peoples, and the ways the government could acquire land
Canda/ North America
1876
The act was introduced as a way to assimilate the First Nations people into European culture
the act led to much mistreatment of Natives, and feelings of resentment remain even to this day. Colonists approved. -
Chinese Immigration Act
Chinese Immigrants, Canadian government
The Chinese Immigration Act put strict restrictions on Chinese people trying to enter Canda. People with leprosy, infectious diseases, or known sex workers were denied entry
Canada
The act was introduced in 1885 and underwent many amendments until its repulsion in 1947
The act was to prevent Chinese immigration to Canda based on racial views
The Act limited the multiculturalism in Canada and left a bad impression on prospective immigrants -
Chinese Head Tax discriminates against Chinese immigration
Chinese immigrants, Sir John A. Macdonald
The Head tax was a fee that all Chinese immigrants had to pay in order to enter Canada, at first the tax was $50 - $500 by the time it was banned
Canada wide
The tax was officially implemented on July 20, 1885 - the final price hike was in 1903
The tax was introduced as a way to discourage Chinese immigration, based on racially charged viewpoints
The head tax limited the multiculturalism in Canada, and left a bad impression on perspective immigrants -
Manitoba Schools Question becomes an issue in federal election
Conservative and Liberal parties
With the upcoming election, both parties were trying to come up with solutions to the Question. The Conservatives tabled a bill that would redress some of the Catholics grievances, but Laurier launched an opposition campaign and instead proposed negotiations
Manitoba
1896
At this time the province was divided by language and religion, how the parties resolved the conflict would influencing voting
Catholic Francophones felt their culture was being ingnored -
Conscription Crisis during World War I
Sir Robert Borden
An act was passed that forced Canadian men to serve in the military, most anglophones supported the act while most francophones did not
Canada
Made law on August 29, 1917
When people saw the casualty rates of the war they stopped volunteering to fight, Borden had to do something to keep number up
This caused a great divide in the country as the Francophones opinions were yet again ignored. French speakers weren't loyal to Britain, and as such had no desire to fight in "her war" -
The referendum is held to decide if Newfoundland should join Canada
Joseph Smallwood, people of Newfoundland
A referendum was held to decide how Newfoundland should govern itself. There were three options: Join confederation, practice responsible Government and keep independence, or to continue with a commission government
Newfoundland
June 1948
Canada was pressuring Newfoundland to join as they were worried the states would one day seize control of the area
When Newfoundland joined Canada it altered everyones views drasctically, it altered what was Canada -
The White Paper
First Nations, Government of Canada
The White Paper was a document proposed by the Federal government in order to definitively resolve issues with Indigenous peoples. It proposed to eliminate "Indian" status, make reserve lands privately owned, and delegate all future issues to provincial governments
Canada
1969
It was seen as a final attempt to assimilate Native people
This led to much resentment and a wide uprising of activists everywhere, many first nations peoples once agian felt alienated -
FLQ Crisis
FLQ, Canadian government
the FLQ is an ultranationalistic group that is trying to achieve independence for Quebec through violent means. The group took drastic action in October 1970 when they kidnapped to government officials, this resulted in the enforcement of the war measures act
Quebec
10/05/1970
These actions were the attempt of the FLQ to push the government to accept their depends
The war act was enforced for the only time in Canada, this led to controversial divide on the issue -
Canada Adopts Official Multiculturalism
Pierre Trudeau
This policy gave ethnic minorities in Canada more opportunity to promote and preserve their culture.
Canada House of Commons
The policy was officially adopted on 10/08/1971
Multiculturalism was adopted in order to please minority groups, as well as secure more votes for the Liberals
Minority groups felt more welcome in Canada and were know more included in furthering the countries identity. Some Quebecois were unhappy as they thought the policy belittled French as a language. -
Election of the Parti Quebecois
Parti Quebecois (PQ)
The PQ had its first taste of electoral victory by capturing 41.4% of the vote and securing 71 seats. In a later election, the PQ won 49.2% of votes and 80 seats
Quebec
1976 and again in 1981
The main reason for the PQ's election was their promise to hold a referendum on the independence of Quebec
This threatened the view of Canada as a whole, unified nation. It could have potentially led to ultranationalism in Quebec, souring relationships with Canada -
Bill 101 is passed into law in Quebec
Government of Quebec
Bill 101 made French the only official language of Quebec, as well as making it the common tongue around workplaces
Quebec
08/26/1977
The bill was passed as a way to ensure that French culture would survive
Bill 101 created a strong sense of unity and pride among Francophones, however, it also caused a division between Quebec and other provinces. The provincial division consequently created division between Anglophones and Francophones, leading to feelings of "Us vs. Them" -
Referendum 1980
PQ, the federal government
the referendum was a province-wide vote on whether or not Quebec should separate from Canada in every way except economic
Quebec
05/20/1980
The referendum was in response to many Francophones desire to achieve sovereignty, as well as past constitutional blunders
This sparked a number of negotiations with Quebec in attempts to keep the province from separating, leaving a mark on Canadian politics that will never be erased. This matter threatens Canadas Cohesiveness -
NEP - National Energy Program
Western Canada, Liberal Government
The NEP was a program designed by the Federal Government in response to rising oil prices
Canada - West Vs. East
10/28/1980
The program was supposed to do three things: reduce Canadas dependency on foreign oil, redistribute the wealth from oil, and gain greater control of the oil industry
The NEP drove a wedge between Eastern and Western Canada (specifically Alberta) as it was seen as a money grab, and an example of Western Alienation. Liberals got a bad rep. -
Quebec refuses to sign the constitution
Federal government
The Canadian constitution is Canadas legal framework, it defines the power of government branches, amendments were being made to better structure Canadian law
Canada
1982
Quebec refused to sign for two main reasons: It would take away Quebec's power to veto future constitutional decisions, as well as undermine bill 101 (though protecting French elsewhere in Canada)
this drove a wedge between Quebec and the rest of Canada, as well as led to a desire for sovereignty in Quebec -
Meech Lake Accord
Brian Mulroney, Robert Bourassa, Elijah Harper
The Meech Lake Accord was an attempt by the federal government to get Quebec to accept the Constitution. The accord failed because it failed to also recognize aboriginals as a distinct nation.
Meech Lake
1987
Constitutional negotiations were opened by Mulroney as a way to appease Quebec and get them to sign the constitution
This accord gave the provinces more power to govern themselves, altering the angle of Canadian politics. -
Supreme Court determines that turbans can be worn with the RCMP uniform – reasonable accommodation
Baltej Dhillon, the RCMP, and the supreme court
Dhillon applied for changes to the RCMP uniform, allowing facial hair and turbans
Surrey B.C - though people across the country had opinions
Dhillon applied to the RCMP in 1988, the official change was made in 1990
Made to accommodate people of different religions
Dhillon used the right of religious freedom to apply.
Some Canadians believe this change affirmed the multiculturalism of Canada, while others thought it erased Canadian history. -
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Federal government
The Royal Commission was a large-scale study on the relationship between first nations people, non-aboriginal people, and the Canadian government. It was a lengthy research project that yielded a five-volume report suggesting a full restructuring of the relationships with Indigenous Peoples
Canda
Established in the summer of 1990, report released 11/21/1996 response to the Oka Crisis
The report shows aboriginal peoples perspective on Canadian history and their place in it -
Oka Crisis
Mohawk of the Kanesatake reserve, SQ, federal army
The Oka Crisis was a 78-day standoff between the local natives, and authorities over plans to expand a golf course onto Mohawk land. It started when protesters build blockades around the area but escalated quickly as a corporal was shot, the final standoff involved the armed forces
Oka
07/11 - 09/27/1990
land claims not being respected
this soured the relationship between Natives and non-natives in the area and sparked national awareness -
Formation of the Bloc Quebecois
Federal parties of Quebec
The Bloc Quebecois party is a federal party based in Quebec - it is largely composed of politicians who left their original parties after the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords
Quebec/ Canada
officially established on 06/15/1991
The party was created in order to represent the interests of Quebec in the house of commons
This party sparks feelings of pride among Quebec citizens that desire to separate from Canada, however, it also distorts the cohesiveness of Canada -
Charlottetown Accord
Federal/ provincial governments
The Charlottetown Accord was a second attempt by federal government to get Quebec to sign off constitutional amendments, it included changes to the Senate and the recognition of Quebec as its own nation
Unveiled in Charlottetown
1992 - denied on 10/26/1992
This accord was another attempt to fix the relationship between Quebec and the federal government
Canadians, although they voted against the accord, felt more included than they did in the Meech Lake Accord -
Referendum 1995
PQ, Quebec citizens
A vote was taken to decide if Quebec should separate from Canada, the result was "no" with 50.58% of citizens against separation
Quebec
10/30/1995
This referendum was in response to the failed Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, which left Quebec people feeling alienated
This close call seriously threatened the current politics of Canada, our cohesive image, and left many Canadians feeling uncertain about what the future might hold. -
Canada apologizes for Residential Schools
Candian government
The official apology was issued in the form of the IRSSA, a document that promised financial and emotional support for victims of residential schools
Canada
09/19/2006
The IRRSA was released as a way to improve the relationship with first nations and make atonement for past abuses
this document helped the first nations feel like changes were being made in order to better accommodate, and set better foundations for future negotiations/developments. Step in the right direction -
Recognition of Quebecois nation 2006
Stephen Harper
The Quebec Nation Movement was tabled by Stephen Harper, it proposed that Quebec be recognized as "a nation within a united Canada"
House of Commons
06/27/2006
Harper did this as a way to please the Quebecois while Maintaining Canadas unity
This movement put a positive viewpoint on Canadian identity as it recognized that people could hold multiple loyalties, especially in the eyes of Quebec citizens. Though som speculate that it divides the country by ethnincity -
The Publication of the TRC 94 Calls to Action
The TRC, Canadian government, and Aboriginal peoples
The 94 calls to action are a list of recommendations to be followed as a way to reconcile the relationship between the Canadian government and aboriginal groups
The Calls to Action affect all of Canada
The 94 Calls to Action were released on 06, 2, 2015
The Calls are an attempt to help the Canadian government atone for past abuse of minorities
The Calls effect Canadian identity because it alters the relationship between the groups in Canada -
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
Police forces, Indigenous women
For more than four decades aboriginal women have been faced with unrelenting violence. There is an absurdly high number of missing and murdered indigenous women, and it continues to rise today Canda
1970's to current
Suspected reasons behind this strong violence are race, colonial attitudes, inadequate policing of native women, and the lack of attention paid to cases
This puts a sour view towards Canada in the mouths of all native people, they are unprotected
