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-- Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
-- Chinese had little interest in trading with western nations
-- Europeans: silk, porcelain, tea, spices,
-- Chinese did not need to trade -
-- Chinese emperor asks Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade/unanswered
-- China destroys millions of dollars of opium
-- China is no match for modern weaponry and equipment
-- 1842 Sign the Treaty of Nanjing -
-- The British imported opium from India to China in exchange for silk.
-- Chinese silver was used to buy opium and the Chinese government was fearful of a trade imbalance
-- China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not comply. This lead to opium wars -
-- China paid Britain's war costs
-- Opened 5 ports to trade
-- Extraterritoriality
-- Britain received the island of Hong Kong
-- Sometimes called the 1st of the Unequal treaties
-- Western powers carved out of spheres of influence (exclusive trading privileges) -
-- The Taiping Rebellion
--- 1850 - 1864
--- Chinese peasants angry over poverty and corruption/natural
disasters/loss of mandate of Heaven
--- Destroyed Chinese economy
--- Millions of deaths
--- Put down with the help of westerners -
Chinese government resists modernization
-- Self strengthening movement
-- Dowager Empress Ci Xi ruled Chine from 1861 to 1908
-- Weapons and steam driven ships
-- Western experts
-- 100 days of reform
-- Too little too late
-- United States: Open Door Policy -
-- Boxers Society of Harmonious Fists
-- 1900 throw out the foreigners
-- Death to foreign devils
-- Growth of nationalism
-- Failure
-- Westerners send 20,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion -
-- Revolution of 1911
-- 1st president of Chinese republic
-- Three Principles of Sun Yixian
--- End foreign domination
--- Form a representative government (democracy)
--- Create economic security for all Chinese