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Title IV of the Civil Rights Act
This court case banned discrimination in the grounds of race, color, or national origin in any program receiving federal funding. This helped to specifically apply to equal access to education for students and students' families who may have limited English. -
United States v. Texas
This court case focused on creating a district with a plan that implements language programs that would help Mexican American students to learn English and adjust to American culture. blames the educational failure of students on the inadequacies of school programs rather then on students themselves. -
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
The court case dealt with inequalities in school funding with plaintiff charging that predominantly White students. The case was argued under the Equal Protection Clause ruled that there is no fundamental right to an education guaranteed by the Constitution. It is also states that there is clearly no constitutional right to a bilingual education. -
Lau v. Nichols
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Serna v. Portales
This case is the first case to raise the issue of bilingual education outside of the context of desegregation. Court found that prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin that receives federal funding. The 10th Circuit Court of Appeals made is clear that schools cannot ignore the unique language and educational needs of ELL students. -
Equal Education Opportunities Act
The court case made sure that gender, racial, or ethnic discrimination towards students, staff, or faculty. The intentional segregation of students within schools and the failure to remove barriers that may impede students' abilities to access and understand curricula. This case helped the Lau v. Nichols decision that requires ELLs receive English language instruction. -
Aspira v. New York
This case supports that it mandates transitional bilingual programs for Spanish-surnamed students found to be more proficient in Spanish than English. Aspira Consent decree is still in effect and has been a model for school districts across the country. Even if is was frequently under attack by the opponents of bilingual education. -
Rios v. Reed
This court case is the best because it helped changed the district. The district needed a better Bilingual program because it was inadequate, lack of trained bilingual teachers, not a clearly defined curriculum and firm guidelines. The federal Office of Civil Rights Act came to ensure the district made improvements. -
Cintron v. Brentwood
The case proposed that bilingual program on the grounds that would violate Lau Guidelines by unnecessarily segregating Spanish speaking students from their English speaking peers in music and art. It also objected that the program had a failure to provide exiting students with English language proficiency was sufficient for them to understand mainstream English instruction -
Otero v. Mesa County Valley School District
This court case supports for bilingual education was eroded by the courts. The case failed the plaintiffs' attempt to obtain a court order for bilingual; education. The plaintiffs wanted a plan for Mexican American student. The court decided that there was a clear that despite Lau there is no constitutional right to bilingual or bicultural education. -
Castañeda v. Pickard
The case originated in Texas, where plaintiffs charged that the Raymondville Independent. They were failing to address the needs of ELL students. The Castañeda test had pointed out the shortcomings. It states that many students may be harmed before inadequate programs are identified and rectified. -
Plyler v. Doe
The Supreme Court ruled that a school cannot deny a student access to free, public education based upon immigration status. It prohibited schools from inquiring about a student's legal status or requiring documentation that might reveal it. This supported bilingual education for ELLs some states have responded with their own English only laws. -
Keyes v. School District No. 1
The court rejected a Cardenas-like plan on the basis that Lau did not mandate bilingual education the decision in Rodriguez there is no constitutional right to education. Bilingual education component was just one part of this complicated desegregation case. -
Gomez v. Illinois State Board of Education
This court case demonstrated the value of the Castañeda test in legal efforts to rectify inadequate programs. It relied on Castañeda in its decision and gave state boards of education the power to enforce compliance. It was declared that school districts have a responsibility to serve ELL students and cannot allow children to just sit in classrooms where they cannot understand instruction. -
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
The court case focuses on the appropriate funds to states to improve the education of limited English proficient students by assisting children to learn English and meet challenging state academic content and student academic achievement standards.