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Born: 276 BC, Cyrene
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In about 240 BC Eratosthenes calculated Earth’s size with good accuracy. This was a moment of triumph for the human intellect: first to recognize our planet is a sphere, then to use the powers of observation, deduction, and mathematics to calculate its size.
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Died: 194 BC, Alexandria, Egypt
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Born in Shrewsbury, England, to Susannah Darwin and Robert Darwin
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Born in Shrewsbury, England, in 1831 he embarked on a five-year survey voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle; his studies of specimens led him to formulate his theories.
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In 1858, after years of scientific investigation, Darwin publically introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution in a letter read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. On November 24, 1859, he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
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Born in Warsaw, Poland
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Born: November 1, 1880, Berlin, Germany
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Charles Darwin died at his family home, Down House, in London, on April 19, 1882. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.
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Marie was the first woman to get her degree in physics from the Sobornne, and passed her exams with the highest marks in the class.
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Marie met a French scientist named Pierre, and married him. They bonded over their love of science, leading to the love connection.
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Discovered an element 400 times more radioactive than any other and named it polonium after her native country.
Later in the same year, again with her husband, Curie discovered an element 900 times more radioactive than polonium, and called it radium.
She then invented the term radioactive to define the properties of the elements. -
The couple succeeds in being able to finally see radium—a glowing neon green color.
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Marie received her doctrine degree in physics—the first woman in France and was later added to the nomination of her husband for the Nobel Peace Prize for their discoveries.
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Pierre dies from a horrible accident, leaving Curie a mess. Lol. Not really though.
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Harry Hammond Hess was a geologist and a United States Navy officer in World War II. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics, Rear Admiral Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906, in New York City
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Curie became the first female professor at Sobornne.
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In about 1910 he began toying with the idea that in the Late Paleozoic era (about 250 million years ago) all the present-day continents had formed a single large mass, or supercontinent, which had subsequently broken apart. Wegener called this ancient continent Pangaea.
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first presented his theory in lectures in 1912
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Published Theories in full in 1915 in his most important work, Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (The Origin of Continents and Oceans). He searched the scientific literature for geological and paleontological evidence that would buttress his theory, and he was able to point to many closely related fossil organisms and similar rock strata that occurred on widely separated continents, particularly those found in both the Americas and in Africa.
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Francis Crick, in full Francis Harry Compton Crick, (born June 8, 1916, Northampton, Northamptonshire, England
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British chemist Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born into an affluent and influential Jewish family on July 25, 1920, in Notting Hill, London, England. She displayed exceptional intelligence from early childhood, knowing from the age of 15 that she wanted to be a scientist.
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James Dewey Watson was born in Chicago, Ill., on April 6th, 1928, as the only son of James D. Watson, a businessman, and Jean Mitchel
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Died: November 1930, Clarinetania, Greenland
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Curies radiation exposure gives her leukemia and takes her life.
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From September 1950 to September 1951 he spent his first postdoctoral year in Copenhagen as a Merck Fellow of the National Research Council. Part of the year was spent with the biochemist Herman Kalckar, the remainder with the microbiologist Ole Maaløe. Again he worked with bacterial viruses, attempting to study the fate of DNA of infecting virus particles
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In 1953, Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen discovered the Great Global Rift and inspired Hess to reexamine the data that he collected while at sea. History of Ocean Basins was published in 1962 and explained the mechanism behind Alfred Wegener's continental drift theory.
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From 1953 to 1955, Watson was at the California Institute of Technology as Senior Research Fellow in Biology. There he collaborated with Alexander Rich in X-ray diffraction studies of RNA. In 1955-1956 he was back in the Cavendish, again working with Crick. During this visit they published several papers on the general principles of virus construction.
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Between 1951 and January 1953 Franklin reasoned through her precise X-ray diffraction images that: 1) DNA takes two forms (shorter-dryer and longer-wetter), 2) the sugar-phosphate backbones must be on the outside, and 3) the molecule looks the same upside down or right side up. In late 1952 she recorded an especially clear X-ray diffraction image that her col- league, Maurice Wilkins, later showed to Watson in January 1953 without telling Franklin or asking her permission.
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She had died from ovarian cancer at the age of 37 on April 16, 1958, in London. She had a family history of cancer, but her exposure to X-rays may have contributed to her death. And in any case, she may not have had the chance for the award had she been alive. Crick and Watson never told Franklin that they had used her images (She was mentioned only in passing by Crick and Watson in Nature). Nor did Watson explain this in his popular account of their discovery, The Double Helix (1968).
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By 1961 Crick had evidence to show that each group of three bases (a codon) on a single DNA strand designates the position of a specific amino acid on the backbone of a protein molecule. He also helped to determine which codons code for each of the 20 amino acids normally found in protein and thus helped clarify the way in which the cell eventually uses the DNA “message” to build proteins.
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He published ‘The History of Ocean Basins' in 1962, in which he outlined a theory that could explain how the continents could actually drift. This theory later became known as ‘Sea Floor Spreading'.
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Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 for their research on the structure of nucleic acids. Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958 and was therefore ineligible for nomination.
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Died: August 25, 1969, Woods Hole, Falmouth, MA
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From 1977 until his death, Crick held the position of distinguished professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California, where he conducted research on the neurological basis of consciousness. His book Of Molecules and Men (1966) discusses the implications of the revolution in molecular biology. What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery was published in 1988. In 1991 Crick received the Order of Merit.
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