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Period: 50,000 BCE to
The New Beginning
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Nov 27, 1096
the crusades
The crusades were several wars between Muslims and Christians. it started due to the Muslims taking the city of Jerusalem and the Christians fighting back for the because it was holy land and its value to them. there was a total of eight major Crusade expeditions that all happened between 1096 and 1291.It is estimated that a total of 1.7 million people died.in the end the Muslims took over the Holy Lands. However, the crusades ended in the increase of trade in Europe and the influence on towns. -
1200
Olmec's
the Olmec's were known as one of the first Mesoamerican civilizations. They were located in ancient Mexico, which was along Gulf Coast.this area is now today's Mexico states which are both Veracruz and Tabasco. It is assumed that the Olmec's started around 1200 BCE and approximately ended around 400 BCE. the Olmec's were mainly known for being one of the first advanced society in the Mesoamerica. This will later have a major influence and start the path in cultures like the Aztecs and the Maya. -
Mar 3, 1300
Actecs
the Aztecs started from a nomadic tribe in northern mexico. over the years in the 13th century, they eventually became on of the dominate tribe in the new world with there capital being Tenochtitlan. In 1428, under their leader Itzcoatl, the Aztecs formed alliances with the Texcocans and the Tacubans to be the most dominate in their region, making the Tepanec fall second. they also took over the capital Azcapotzalco.the Aztecs had total rule over 500 small states, and had the largest population. -
Oct 12, 1347
The Black Death
mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe and asia in the years 1346-53. it started when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. Over the next five years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe – almost one-third of the continent’s population travels from person to person or through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats Both of these pests could be found almost everywhere in medieval Europe -
Mar 4, 1394
Henry the Navigator
Henry the Navigator, primarily known first for participating and helping in the Battle of Ceuta in 1415, a victory over Muslim forces that allowed European forces to establish their first permanent position in North Africa. he had a major impact on the exploration within the west coast of Africa.Henry devoted much of his energy to the study of the sea and distant exotic places, real and imagined.Henry is regarded as an originator of the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade. -
Jan 1, 1440
Printing Press
After Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, literacy levels increased and people started to challenge their beliefs about the world Since the invention of the press western culture land became distinctively modern.The printing press allows us to share large amounts of information quickly and in huge numbers.played a key role in the success of the Protestant Reformation. Reformation leader Martin Luther was limited before the printing press but could spread his message to thousands more -
Aug 3, 1492
Columbia exchange
the Colombian exchange or also know as the Columbia interchange was named after Christopher Columbus. the exchange was when explorers gained and received new plants, animals, and ideas around the world between the new world and the old world . Europeans brought over diseases such as smallpox and measles that killed millions Native Americans Indian nations fell and European increased after Columbus arrival in the New World. It explains why European colonies were very wealthy and powerful. -
Jul 10, 1509
John Calvin
John Calvin was know as a French theologian and a reformer back in the 1500's. he was also apart of the Protestant Reformation and played a major roll in it. He heavily impacted the belief having a higher power in god and popularize it. he created Calvinism which was a theological system. it was based of these things- total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints writing is The Institutes of the Christian Religion, -
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English colonial societies
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Colonial America
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Virginia
Virginia Colony was the first of the original 13 colonies located on the Atlantic coast of North America was one of the Southern Colonies, and was founded in 1607 by John Smith By 1700, Named after Queen Elizabeth I of England the Virginia colonists had made their fortunes through the cultivation of tobacco, first export was tobacco. setting a pattern that was followed in Maryland and the Carolinas.In political and religious matters The Church of England was the established church in Virginia, -
Puritans
the puritans were a religious reformed movement that happened in the 16th and 17th centuries. they thought the Church of England was in need to be purified. grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms.In 1630, the Puritans set sail for America. the Puritans did not break with the Church of England, but instead sought to reform it.Arriving in New England, the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in a town they named Boston -
Mayflower Compact
The mayflower compact was the very first democratic government document in the colony and signed on November 11,1620.The document agreed on choosing leaders and necessary laws for the new colony. on the mayflower compact ship,there was a total of 102 passengers, filled with people that called themselves the Pilgrims and puritans who left for due to king James negative view on religious freedom.Then sailed from New England and landed in the new colony in what they called Plymouth, Massachusetts. -
John Locke
John Locke was one of the most important and influential philosophers ever. The French Enlightenment drew heavily on his ideas, as did the Founding Fathers of the America Revolution.Locke’s political philosophy is often noted with shaping both the American Constitution he was the founder of empiricist theory of knowledge He died in 1704 at the age of 72 Locke’s other most noted works are “Essays on the Law of Nature”, “Some Thoughts Concerning Education” and “A Letter Concerning Toleration” -
Triangle trade
Triangular Trade was so-called because it was three-sided, involving voyages from:England to Africa Africa to the Americas The Americas back to England The Triangular Trade is a term used to The raw materials and natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies Manufactured products from England and Europe such as guns, cloth, beadsSlaves from West Africa, many of whom toiled in the Slave PlantationsTriangular Trade was made possible by the 13 Colonies -
Quakers
Quakers or the Society of Friends Charles II owed his father a huge debt.To repay the Penns,William was awarded an land in the New World. People of his faith, the Quakers, had suffered serious persecution in England. With some good advertising, he might be able to establish a religious refuge.in,1681, his dream became a reality.The Quakers of Penn's colony,established an extremely liberal government for the seventeenth century. Religious freedom was granted and there was no tax-supported church. -
the enlightenment
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a philosophical movement that took place primarily in Europe and, later, in North America, during the late 17th and early 18thcentury. Its Characteristics of the Enlightenment include the rise of concepts such as reason, liberty and the scientific method. Enlightenment philosophy was skeptical of religion especially the powerful Catholic Church monarchiesMajor figures of the Enlightenment include Voltaire, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, -
English Bill Of Rights
The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, prevent the federal government from taking away our rights as humans and as citizens.enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech. The colonists wanted to choose people to make their laws and to form colonial assemblies. the englidh bill of rights will later down the road have a strong influence on the amendments of the consitution -
the great awakening
he Great Awakening was a religious revival that impacted the English colonies \during the 1730s and 1740s.he Great Awakening brought various philosophies, ideas and doctrines to the forefront of Christian faith.Some of the major themes included All people are born sinners Sin without salvation will send a person to hell he Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the colonies Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. -
secularism
Jonathan Edwards was a colonial New England minister and missionary, was one of the greatest preachers and theologians in American history.Edwards stands as one of the most recognized participants and defenders of the First Great Awakeningn June of 1751, Edwards settled in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, as pastor and missionary to the Indians. Justification by Faith (1738), which were widely read in America and England. These works helped fuel the Great Awakening a few years later -
seven year war
French and Indian War Facts The French and Indian War,fought between Britain and France in North America between 1756 and 1763,is also often referred to as the Seven Years' War France expanded into the Ohio River in 1756, Britain declared war.The French and Natives of North America fought as allies against the British The war officially ended in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris was signed and Britain won the right to keep Canada.the British expected the colonies in North America to help cover taxes -
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The revolutionary War
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Stamp Act
The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first tax directly on American colonists by the British government.The act,which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the french and Indian war Arguing that no taxation without representation, the colonists insisted that the act was unconstitutional, and they resorted to mob violence to intimidate stamp collectors into resigning Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 -
townshend Act
The Townshend Acts were a series of measures, passed by the British Parliament in 1767, that taxed goods imported to the American colonies. But American colonists, who had no representation in Parliament, saw it as an abuse of power. The British sent troops to America to enforce the unpopular new laws, policies prompted colonists to take action by boycotting British goods.further heightening tensions between Great Britain and the American colonies in the run-up to the American Revolutionary War. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770, t began as a street brawl between American colonists and a lone British soldier, but quickly escalated to a chaotic, bloody slaughter. The conflict energized anti-Britain sentiment and paved the way for the American Revolution.colonist Tensions ran high in Boston enforce Britain’s tax laws, American colonists rebelled against the taxes they found unnecessary which started no taxation without representation.” and ultimately caused -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of British tea into the harbor. The event was the first major act of defiance to British rule over the colonists. It showed Great Britain that Americans wouldn’t take taxation, and rallied American patriots across the 13 colonies to fight for independence. -
battle at lexington
Battle of Lexington also known as the "shot heard round the world" took place April 19,1775 located in the village of Lexington in Middlesex County. Neither side wanted the situation to escalate and were ordered not to fire. No one knows who fired the first shot of the American Revolution Shots were exchanged by both sides resulting in the deaths and wounding of both American and British troops.The Battle of Lexington ended with the retreat of the colonists who were outnumbered by the British. -
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense, setting forth his arguments in favor of American independence. Although little used today, pamphlets were an important medium for the spread of ideas in the 16th and 19th centuries.in it, it talks about government's is to protect life,liberty and property..Common Sense played a remarkable role in transforming a colonial squabble into the American Revolution.challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy/against UK gov -
Founding Fathers
America's Founding Fathers including George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, James Monroe and Benjamin Franklin, together with several other key players of their time, structured the democratic government of the United States and left a legacy that has shaped the world. Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris that would end the American Revolutionary War.was Washington President of the Constitutional Convention -
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 One of the leading figures of early American history,was a statesman,author, publisher, scientist, inventor and diplomat. can Revolution, he served in the Second Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He also negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War 1775. In 1787, in his final significant act of public service, he was a delegate to the convention that produced the U.S. Constitution. -
Articles Of Confederation
The Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777. However, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention -
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The constitution
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Shay's Rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion was a series of violent attacks on courthouses and other government properties in Massachusetts, beginning in 1786, The rebels were mostly ex-Revolutionary War soldiers turned farmers who opposed state economic policies causing poverty and property foreclosures.The rebellion was named after Daniel Shays, a farmer and former soldier who fought at Bunker Hill the Boston legislature passed the Disqualification Act banning rebels from serving on juries, holding public office, voting -
Anti Federalist
In the ratification debate, the Anti-Federalists opposed to the Constitution. They complained that the new system threatened liberties, and failed to protect individual rights Many Anti-Federalists preferred a weak central government because they equated a strong government with British tyranny. Others wanted to encourage democracy and feared a strong government that would be dominated by the wealthy. They felt that the states were giving up too much power to the new federal government -
constitutional convention
The Constitutional Convention took place from May 27,1787-sep 17 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The point of the event was decide how America was going to be governed.Although the Convention had been officially called to revise the existing Articles of Confederation,James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. Debates over representation in Congress and over slavery.The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. -
The Virginia Plan
The Virginia Plan Written primarily by James Madison,but presented to the Constitutional Convention by governor of Virginia Edmund proposal a new form of government and called for the number of votes each state received in Congress to be based on population rather than each state receiving one vote. The purpose was to protect the large states, which would be stronger federally than under the Articles of Confederation.Supporters of the Virginia Plan included James Madison, George Washington -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Confederation Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. Following the principles outlined by the Ordinance of 1784 and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states. also protected civil liberties and outlawed slavery in the new territories. -
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New Republic
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Massachusetts Constitution
the 1780 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, drafted by John Adams, is the world's oldest functioning written constitution. It served as a model for the United States Constitution, which was written in 1787 and became effective in 1789.Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would over-centralize government and diminish individual rights and liberties The Federalists agreed to supported specifically a bill of rights. Following this compromise,Massachusetts ratify the Constitution -
Election of 1788
America’s first presidential election is held. Voters cast ballots to choose state electors; only white men who owned property were allowed to vote The election took place following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788. In this election, George Washington was elected for the first President of the United States, and John Adams became the first Vice President of the United States Before this election, the United States had no chief executive Under the previous system AOC -
The Federalist
led by Alexander Hamilton the Federalists were the first political party of the United States.They supported the Constitution, and attempted to convince the States to ratify the document. Hamilton, along with John Jay and James Madison, anonymously published a series of essays known as the Federalist Papers Both Hamilton and Madison argued that the Constitution didn't need a Bill of Rights but Madison who eventually presented the Bill of Rights to Congress despite his former stance on the issue. -
Whiskeys Rebellion
he Whiskey Rebellion was a 1794, secretary Alexander Hamilton pushed for the federal government to take over that debt. He also suggested an excise tax on whiskey to prevent further financial difficulty. uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government.the region finally exploded in a confrontation that had President Washington respond by sending troops to quell what some feared could become a full-blown revolution -
Bank Of America
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, the Bank of the United States was established in 1791 and each state had a different form of currency. It was built while Philadelphia was still the nation's capital to serve as a repository for federal funds t. Although it was well managed and profitable, critics charged that the First Bank’s fiscal caution was constraining economic development problems associated with the financing of the War of 1812 led to a revival of interest in a central bank, -
Bill Of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. James Madison wrote the amendments, which list specific prohibitions on governmental power, in response for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties.Federalists argued that the Constitution did not need a bill of rights, because the people and the states kept any powers not given to the federal government. Anti-Federalists held that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual liberty. -
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American Industrial Revolution
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Monroe Doctrine
n 1794, inventor Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that changed the production of cotton by speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America’s leading export.his invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition Before the invention of the cotton gin, cotton very labor intensive,separating the fiber from the cotton seed -
Jay's Treaty
George Washington signed the Jay Treaty in 1795 because he was trying to prevent another war with Great Britain. Both countries had grievances, but one of the primary issues was centered on Great Britain's war with France. Britain did not permit France to trade with neutral nations, such as the United States. Britain believed it had the right to seize American ships en route to France. U.S. ships headed to France with food were forced into British ports.goods were taken forced into British navy. -
XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident that occurred between the United States and France in 1797. In an attempt to end war with Great Britain, the U.S. signed the Jay Treaty.One of the provisions of the treaty limited the ability of nations that were hostile to Great Britain to trade in U.S. ports France retaliated by seizing American ships. Attempts at negotiating a compromise with France, us only had it worse by not paying.This incident resulted in an undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. -
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Age Of Jefferson
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Temperance Movement
This Second Great Awakening, a reprise of the Great Awakening of the early 18th century as a U.S. religious revival that began in the late eighteenth century and lasted until the middle of the nineteenth century.As a result of declining religious convictions, many religious faiths sponsored religious revivals. These revivals emphasized human beings' dependence upon God.the movement encouraged the growth of new denominations Major leaders included Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher -
election of 1800
The election of 1800 Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson against Federalist John Adams. The Federalists envisioned a strong central government a, while the Democratic-Republicans for an agrarian republic,Jefferson won the presidential election, but the Republican vice president candidate Aaron Burr also received 73 votes, making the presidency a tie.the Constitution directed that the election be decided by the House of Representatives promised to govern as he felt the Founders intended -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.thereby doubling the size of U.S. What was known at the time as the Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north.achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. -
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Westward Expansion
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Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson. It prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.President Thomas Jefferson hoped that the Embargo Act would help the United States by demonstrating to Britain and France their dependence on American goods, convincing them to respect American Independence. Instead, the act had a devastating effect on American trade. In February 1809, declared the embargo unconstitutional -
War of 1812
In the War of 1812, James Madison was the president throughout the war caused by British restrictions on U.S. trade and America’s desire to expand its territory, the U.S took on the best naval- Great Britain. The U.S. Congress declared war in 1812.the War of 1812 was legally a tie Only 7,000 men served in the United States military when the war broke out. By the end of the war, more than 35,000 American regulars and 458,000 militia Roughly 15,000 Americans died as a result of the War of 1812. -
Battle of New Orleans
On December 24, 1814, Great Britain and the United States signed a treaty in Ghent, Belgium that effectively ended the War of 1812. News was slow to cross the pond, however, and on January 8, 1815, the two sides met in what is remembered as one of the conflict’s biggest and most decisive engagements. In the Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson with militia fighters, frontiersmen, slaves, Indians fought against a superior British force.in the end the victory vaulted Jackson to national stardom, -
Second Bank Of the United States
n 1816, the Second Bank of the United States was established,with functions very much like the first. The Second Bank’s initial years were difficult, and many felt that its mismanagement helped bring on the panic of 1819. Popular resentment led to efforts by states to restrict the Bank’s operations.in McCullough v.Maryland, the Supreme Court held that the Constitution had granted Congress the implied power to create a central bank and that the states could not legitimately constrain that power. -
Missouri compromise
bc tension between anti and pro slavery Missouri’s 1819 request for admission to the Union as a slave state,which threatened to upset the delicate balance between slave states and free states. To keep the peace, Congress made a two-part compromise, granting Missouri’s request but also making Maine as a free state. It also passed an amendment that drew an imaginary line across the former Louisiana Territory, establishing a boundary between free and slave regions that remained the law of the land -
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Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
in the November 1824 election, 131 electoral votes, over half of the 261 total, were necessary to elect a candidate president. Although it had no bearing on the outcome of the election, popular votes were counted for the first time in this election.no presidential candidate had received a majority of the total electoral votes in the election of 1824, Congress decides to turn over the presidential election to the House of Representatives Andrew Jackson of Tennessee lost against john Quincy Adams -
Spoil System
also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favors. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party. The term was in use in American politics as early as 1812, in 1832 Senator William Marcy of New York.defends one of President Andrew Jackson’s appointments winning the 1828 presidential election. -
Mormons
Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon religion, organizes the Church of Christ during a meeting with a small group of believers.Smith claimed in 1823 that he had been visited by a Christian angel who spoke to him in ancient Hebrew text that had been lost for 1,500 years.Smith set up Mormon communities in Illinois However, the Christians heavily criticized for its unorthodox practices.Brigham Young, led Mormons from Illinois, to the western wagon trails in search of religious and political freedom. -
Abolitionist
the abolitionist movement was a social and political push for the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.abolitionism was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening,The abolitionist movement became increasingly prominent in Northern churches and politics beginning in the 1830s,abolitionists opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that took form in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. -
Nat Turners Rebellion
Nat Turner was a black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history. Spreading terror throughout the white South, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened proslavery, when he and six other slaves killed the Travis family, and enlisted about 75 other slaves in a insurrection that resulted in the murder of 51 white people.resulted in even harsher laws against slaves -
Worcester vs. Georgia
case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional. Supreme Court. the case ruled that because the Cherokee Nation was a separate political entity that could not be regulated by the state, Georgia's license law was unconstitutional and Worcester's conviction should be overturned. -
nullification crisis
In the South Carolina state election of 1832, attention focused on the issue of nullification, the concept that a state could ignore or refuse to apply federal laws.The convention declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina said the would lead to the state's secession.On December 10, 1832, President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation to the people of South Carolina that disputed a states' right to nullify a federal law. -
American Anti Slavery Society
was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings.The Anti-Slavery Society was part of a larger religious revival that believed that slavery was a sin and that slave-holders were sinners. In addition,it was part of a reform movement of the period, which included women's rights,and temperance. It had agents that traveled throughout the country producing lectures, -
Whigs
In 1834 political opponents of President Andrew Jackson organized a new party to contest Jacksonian Democrats nationally and in the states. Guided by their leader, Henry Clay, they called themselves Whigs—the name of the English antimonarchist party—the better to stigmatize the president ‘King Andrew.’ They were immediately derided by the Jacksonian Democrats as a party devoted to the interests of wealth and aristocracy by 1854 they had given up the Whigs and now formd the new Republican party -
Battle of Goliad
the Battle of Goliad, taking place on October 10, 1835, four months prior to the San Antonio fight, would be a skirmish, actually the second, that showed that the Texans were in it to win their independence, The Goliad campaign would continue through the war, with battles bigger t,Texas settlers attack Mexican soldiers at Presidio La Bahia near Goliad. The Texans win the battle and force the soldiers to leave, allowing the Texans to take thousands of dollars worth of food and supplies. -
Telegraph
The electric telegraph was an important invention born out of Joseph Henry’s electromagnetic motor.The idea is to generate a coded electric signal at one location, send it through a wire over a long distance, and decode the message at a distant location.This was first efficiently accomplished by sending electrical pulses that caused an electromagnet to rotate and strike a bell The telegraph system subsequently spread across America and the world.he first message sent in 1844 by Samuel Morse -
Indian Removal Act
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died. he Trail of Tears found its end in Oklahoma and it ended around March of 1839. -
Anti-Abolitionism
American Anti-Slavery Society,was established in 1833, which denounced slavery as a sin that must be abolished immediately, endorsed nonviolence, and condemned racial prejudice.By 1835, the society had received substantial moral and financial support from African-American communities in the North and had established hundreds of branches throughout the free states, flooding the North with antislavery literature, agents, and petitions demanding that Congress end all federal support for slavery. -
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Sectionalism
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oregon trail
the Oregon Trail was a roughly 2,000-mile route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, which was used by hundreds of thousands of American pioneers in the mid-1800s to emigrate west. The trail was lead through Missouri and present-day Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and finally into Oregon. Without the Oregon Trail in 1850, which encouraged settlement in the Oregon Territory, American pioneers would have been slower to settle the American West in the 19th century -
Fredrick Douglass
Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, n New Bedford, Douglass began attending meetings of the abolitionist movement. During these meetings, he was exposed to the writings of abolitionist and journalist William Lloyd Garrison.y 1843, Douglass had become part of the American Anti-Slavery Society’s “Hundred Conventions” project -
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War was the first U.S. armed conflict fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. .after the war Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory, including present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.war lasted from 1846 to 1848 -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired in the Mexican War.soon after the war began, President James K. Polk sought the appropriation of $2 million as part of a bill to negotiate the terms of a treaty. Fearing the addition of a pro-slave territory. Wilmot proposed his amendment to the bill.fearing the addition of slave territory, had resented Polk’s offer to the Oregon dispute with Great Britain at the forty- ninth parallel-less territory than expected. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States. The war had begun in May 1846, over a territorial dispute over Texas. The treaty added 525,000 square miles to United States, including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern boundary. -
Seneca Falls Convention
In 1848, a group of abolitionist activists—mostly women, but some men—gathered in Seneca Falls, New York to discuss the problem of women’s rights. They were invited there by the reformers Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Most of the delegates to the Seneca Falls Convention agreed: American women were autonomous individuals who deserved their own political identities.the Declaration of Sentiments claimed demanded equal social status and legal rights for women, including the right to vote. -
Election of 1848
The election of 1848 underscored the increasingly important role of slavery in national politics. Democratic party nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, who created the concept of popular sovereignty Antislavery groups formed the Free-Soil party organized for the 1848 election to oppose further expansion of slavery into the western territories.promised to prohibit the spread of slavery, and chose Martin Van Buren for president The Whig nominee was the Zachary Taylor who promoted slavery -
Henry Clay
Leader of the Whig party Henry Clay (1777-1852) played a central role on the stage of national politics for over forty years. He was secretary of state under John Quincy Adams, Speaker of the House of Representatives Clay was called ‘the Great Compromiser’ because he played a major role in formulating the three landmark sectional compromises of his day: the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Tariff Compromise of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850. also established the 2nd U.S. bank. -
Compromise of 1850
ivisions over slavery in territory gained in the Mexican-American (1846-48). War were resolved in the Compromise of 1850. It consisted of laws admitting California as a free state, creating Utah and New Mexico territories with the question of slavery in each to be determined by popular sovereignty, settling a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute in the former’s favor, ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and making it easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of people, African American as well as white, offering shelter and aid to escaped slaves from the South.Most of the slaves helped by the Underground Railroad escaped border states such as Kentucky, Virginia and Maryland.here were many well-used routes stretching west through Ohio to Indiana and Iowa. Others headed north through Pennsylvania and into New England or Canada estimated that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped by Railroad -
Uncle's Tom Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, is published. The novel sold 300,000 copies within three months and was widely read Later, she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in reaction to recently tightened fugitive slave laws a deliberate and carefully written anti-slavery argument.The book had a major influence on the way the American public viewed slavery. The book established Stowe’s reputation as a woman of letters.Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century -
Kansas Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30,1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders.The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30.The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas is the term used to described the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory. In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraksa Act overturned the Missouri Compromise’s use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory and instead, using the principle of popular sovereignty would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Proslavery and free-state settlers went to Kansas make decision. Violence soon erupted as both factions fought for control. -
Dred Scott v.s Stanford
Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. From 1833 to 1843, he resided in Illinois (a free state) and in the Louisiana Territory, where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. After returning to Missouri, Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man. But the court decided that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S. citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the court for their freedom. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny expressed the phase that drove 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion. explores thought that the United States was destined by God, its advocates believed to expand its dominion across the entire North American continent.he negative side was the belief that the right to destroy anything and anyone namely Indians who got in the way.Tracing the path of Manifest Destiny across the West would highlight mass destruction of tribal organizations, confinement of Indians to reservations -
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter is an island located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Fort Sumter is most famous for being the site of the first shots of the Civil War. U.S. Major Robert Anderson occupied the fort in December 1860 following South Carolina’s secession from the Union. When President Lincoln announced plans to resupply the fort, Confederate General Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter. Anderson and 86 soldiers surrendered the fort. Confederate troops then occupied Fort Sumter for nearly four years -
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Civil War
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Trent Affair
he Trent Affair was a diplomatic crisis that took place between the United States and Great Britain from November to December 1861, The crisis erupted after the captain of the ship ordered the arrest of two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British ship, The British were outraged and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was a violation of international law. President Abraham Lincoln’s administration released the envoys and averted an armed conflict with Britain. -
Shakers
The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, is a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded in the 18th century in England. the Shakers. Their belief was based upon spiritualism and included the notion that they received messages from the spirit of God which were expressed during religious revivals. They also experienced what they interpreted as messages from God during silent meditations and became known as "Shaking Quakers" -
Emancipation Proclamation
after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a proclamation warning that in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves free. January 1 came, and with it the final proclamation,the border slave states were not in rebellion against the United States. Lincoln had tried earlier to persuade the border states to accept gradual emancipation, but they had refused. The proclamation also authorized the recruitment of freed slaves and free blacks as Union soldiers -
Army of The Potomac
Between 1861 and 1865, the Army of the Potomac defended Washington, D.C The army's first commander was Ohioan General Irvin McDowell. Following the Union defeat at the Battle of First Bull Run, President Abraham Lincoln replaced McDowell with Ohioan General George McClellan. Known for his tremendous organizational skills, McClellan succeeded in creating a well-trained army. At Antietam in 1862, the Union army lost 12,400 soldiers killed, wounded The Army of the Potomac ended the war in triumph, -
Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War. On July 1, the Confederates clashed with the Union’s Army.The next day saw even heavier fighting, as the Confederates pushed the union. On July 3, Lee ordered an attack known as “Pickett’s Charge,” managed to pierce the Union lines but eventually failed, at the cost of thousands of rebel casualties, lee and his army left towards Virginia (get lil more) -
Wade Davis Bill
The Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 was crafted by Radical Republicans Benjamin Wade Henry Winter Davis. Both men believed in punishment against the South who rebelled against union as a condition of re-admittance during Reconstruction Lincoln, however, did not believe in such an idea.it required First, it called for a complete abolition of slavery and 50% of rebellious voters to swear allegiance to the Union. and demanded that a constitutional convention occur before state officers were elected -
Election of 1864
n the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan..He also feared that as President, McClellan would negotiate a peace settlement with the Confederacy that would allow the South to maintain the institution of slavery.just six weeks after The 1864 election inauguration Lincoln's second term was ended by his assassination. -
Appomattox Court House
April 9, 1865, near the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. Lee's goal was to rally the remnants of his beleaguered troops, meet Confederate reinforcements in North Carolina and resume fighting. But the resulting Battle of Appomattox Court House, which lasted only a few hours, effectively brought the four-year Civil War to an end.Lee surrendered to Grant's terms -
Black Codes
Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished.Though the Union victory had given some 4 million slaves their freedom. Under black codes, many states required blacks to sign yearly labor contracts; if they refused, they risked being arrested and forced into unpaid labor. Outrage over black codes helped undermine support for President Andrew Johnson and the Republican Party. -
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war. However, the bureau was prevented from fully carrying out its programs due money and to the politics of race and Reconstruction. -
South
hardships for Southerners.The hardships increased or intensified for other reasons as well. As an agricultural region, the South had more difficulty than the North in manufacturing needed goods--for both its soldiers and its civilians. result was that Southern civilians probably had to make more real sacrifices during the war than Northern civilians the civil war damaged Southern economy by freeing the slaves, thus removing the Southerns work force and forcing the South to readjust its economy. -
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Reconstruction
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Freedom Amendments
at war’s end in 1865 the question of slavery had not been resolved at the national level. The federal government required the new 13th amendment. Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including former slaves, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,” the 15th amendment Ratified in February 3, 1870, prohibited states from disenfranchising voters “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
