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John Dalton
In 1793 Dalton published Meteorological Observations and Essays, which contained the nucleus of several of his later discoveries. Inspired by a spectacular aurora borealis appearance in 1787, he began observations about aurora phenomena--luminous, colourful displays in the sky caused by electrical disturbances in the atmosphere. -
Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) is called the Father of Modern Chemistry, having discovered that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. He also invented the analytical balance and showed that chemical elements were neither created nor destroyed, just combined into different compounds in chemical reactions. From this work follows one of the most fundamental principles of physics, the conservation of mass. -
Thomas Young
While pursuing his interests in the function of the human eye, Young discovered the cause of astigmatism in 1801, which was about the time that he began his study of light -
John Dalton
Dalton's theory was based on the premise that the atoms of different elements could be distinguished by differences in their weights. He stated his theory in a lecture to the Royal Institution in 1803. The theory proposed a number of basic ideas: All matter is composed of atoms
Atoms cannot be made or destroyed
All atoms of the same element are identical
Different elements have different types of atoms
Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged
Compounds are formed from atoms of the con -
J L Proust
Joseph Louis Proust published his law of definite proportions stating that when compounds are analysed into their constituent parts they always contain the same proportions of their elements by weight. What we now know as stoichiometry led Dalton to propose his atomic theory in 1803. -
John Dalton
Dalton included an additional postulate that prevented his theory from being accepted for many years. When atoms combine in only one ratio, Dalton said, "..it must be presumed to be a binary one, unless some cause appear to the contrary" -
Heinrich Hertz
In 1884 Hertz proved that electricity can be transmitted in electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light and which possess many other properties of light. His experiments with these electromagnetic waves led to the development of the wireless telegraph and the radio. -
Albert Einstein
He advanced the theory of relativity when he was only 26 years old. Einstein’s relativity theory revolutionized scientific thought with new conceptions of time, space, mass, motion, and gravitation.
His famous equation E=mc² (energy equals mass times the velocity of light squared), became the foundation stone in the development of atomic energy. -
J.J Thomson
In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron by experimenting with a Crookes, or cathode ray, tube. He demonstrated that cathode rays were negatively charged. In addition, he also studied positively charged particles in neon gas. Thomson realized that the accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or positively charged particles -
Max Planck
German physicist Max Planck proposed the quantum of action, now known as Planck's constant h, explaining the pattern of light intensity emitted from a black body at any given frequency. His work appeared in its earliest form in a 1900 paper titled Zur Theorie der Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normal-Spektrum (On The Theory of the Law of Energy Distribution in the Continuous Spectrum), which formed the baseline for a new field of physics, quantum mechanics. -
Lise Meitner
Lise obtained inspiration from a theoretical physicist called Ludwig Boltzmann who believed that atoms were divisible.
In 1905 Meitner finished her undergraduate studies, and began her doctoral research.
She never did receive a nobel prize. -
Ernest Rutherford
In 1906 he proposed that the atom's structure is nuclear. In 1907 his research showed that the alpha particle is a helium atom without its electrons. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908, and in the same year, working with his student Hans Geiger, he developed the Rutherford-Geiger detector, capable of detecting single particles emitted by radioactive atoms. In 1911 he described in detail the nuclear model of the atom. -
Ernst Marsden
In 1907, Rutherford, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden carried out the Geiger-Marsden experiment, an attempt to examine the structure of the atom. The surprising results of this experiment demonstrated the existence of the atomic nucleus and became an integral part of the Rutherford model of the atom. -
Hans Geiger
In 1908, Rutherford and Geiger devised a counter for alpha particles, work that led to Rutherford’s nuclear theory of the atom, for which he won the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry. -
Hans Geiger
Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger perfromed the golden foil experiment to find out more about the structure of an atom. By performing the experiment the two men discovered that the atom has a nuclues. This experiment however, was ran and supervised by Ernest Rutherford. This helped Rutherford created the model of the atom. -
Niel Bohr
Did any new questions arise as a result of their work?
Were any of their conclusions incorrect? Bohr traveled to England on a study grant and worked under J.J. Thomson, who had discovered the electron 15 years earlier. There were a few problems with the model, however. For example, according to classical physics, the electrons orbiting the nucleus should lose energy until they spiral down into the center, collapsing the atom. -
Niels Bohr
What was thier contribution to atomic theory? In 1913, Bohr published a theory about the structure of the atom based on an earlier theory of Rutherford's. Rutherford had shown that the atom consisted of a positively charged nucleus, with negatively charged electrons in orbit around it. A great physicist, who contributed to the fields of Atomic structure, Nuclear physics and was the grandfather of quantum theory. -
Arthur Comprton
In 1918 he started a study of X-ray scattering. This led, in 1922, to his discovery of the increase of wavelength of X-rays due to scattering of the incident radiation by free electrons, which implies that the scattered quanta have less energy than the quanta of the original beam. -
Niels Bohr
Describe the experiments that led to their discoveries. Bohr described the way atoms emit radiation by suggesting that when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to an inner one, that it emits light. Later other physicists expanded his theory into quantum mechanics. This theory explains the structure and actions of complex atoms. -
Albert Einstein
All motion can be measured only in relation to the observer who performs the measurement. Time and position are all relative to the observer: hence the theory has been called Einstein’s relativity. Albert Einstein completes his theory of gravitation, known as the general theory of relativity, on Nov. 25, 1915. The theory is submitted to Annalen der Physik on Mar. 20, 1916. Einstein presented the general theory of relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1915 -
Albert Einstein
In 1916 proposes general theory of relativity-still central to our understanding of the universe. Einstein changed the political balance of power in the twentieth century, through his scientific foundation in the development of atomic energy. -
Albert Einstein
The eclipse of May 29,1919 confirmed Einstein’s theory that the light could be bend by the gravitational force of the sun. An English expedition in the area of the eclipse have actually measured the deflexion of starlight from the sun. The data of the expedition was presented to a special joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society of London on November 6, 1919. -
James Chadwick
Describe the experiments that led to their discoveries. Chadwick's own research focused on radioactivity. In 1919 Rutherford had discovered the proton, But they and other researchers were finding that the proton did not seem to be the only particle in the nucleus.
Experiments in Europe caught his eye, especially those of Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie. They used a different method for tracking particle radiation. -
Niels Bohr
Did any of these individuals receive a Nobel Prize, in either chemistry or physics? In what year? He won the 1922 Nobel Prize for physics, chiefly for his work on atomic structure. -
Louis de Broglie
In 1923 Broglie proposed that electrons have a wave/particle duality. Within de Broglie’s thesis, which was completed in 1924, many of his most profound ideas were put forth, including his groundbreaking theory of electron waves. -
Werner Heisenberg
Using his knowledge, he created matrix mechanics, the first version of quantum mechanics in 1925. -
Heinrich Hertz
Although Heinrich himself did not receive a nobel prize, his nephew Gustav Hertz did recieve one. -
Wolfgang Pauli
Pauli's principle, also known as Pauli's exclusion principle, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925. The starting point was the problem of the completion of atomic shells and the structure of the periodic system of the chemical elements. -
Erwin Schrodinger
A powerful model of the atom was developed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926. Schrödinger combined the equations for the behavior of waves with the de Broglie equation to generate a mathematical model for the distribution of electrons in an atom. The advantage of this model is that it consists of mathematical equations known as wave functions that satisfy the requirements placed on the behavior of electrons. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to imagine a physical model of electrons as waves. -
Carl Anderson
Describe the experiments that led to their discoveries. After receiving his BS in 1927, Anderson remained on campus as a graduate student, working under Millikan on the emission of electrons induced by bombarding various gases with x-rays. -
Arthur Compton
What was their contribution to atomic theory? In what year was their discovery made? Did any of these individuals receive a Nobel Prize, in either chemistry or physics? In what year?*
Arthur Holly Compton was an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery of the Compton effect. Recieved the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927. -
Louis de Broglie
A few years after de Broglie’s theory was published, in 1927, it was experimentally demonstrated by American physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer that electrons do exhibit wavelike characteristics through their observation of the diffraction of electrons from the surface of a solid crystal. -
Werner Heisenberg
That the measurement of an electron cannot be made simultaneously was suggested by Werner Heisenberg of Germany in 1927 in his principle which is known after his name as: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The principle states that "It is impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact velocity or momentum of a sub-atomic particle like electron and neutron". -
Louis de Broglie
With such experimental to evidence to support it, de Broglie’s particle-wave duality theory of matter gained widespread acceptance and garnered its creator the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. -
Carl Anderson
Did any new questions arise as a result of their work?Were any of their conclusions incorrect? By 1931 he had found evidence indicating that the rays produced charged particles whose tracks were very similar to those produced by ordinary electrons, except that they were bent by the magnetic field in the opposite direction. -
Carl Anderson- Discovery
In what year was their discovery made?
Carl Anderson discovered positron. -
James Chadwick
What was their contribution to atomic theory? In what year was their discovery made? In 1932, Using alpha particles discovered a neutral atomic particle with a mass close to a proton. Thus was discovered the neutron. -
Paul Dirac
Proposed anti-particles . Anderson discovered the anti-electron (positron) in 1932 and Segre/Chamberlain detected the anti-proton in 1955.. -
Werner Heisenberg
From 1924 until 1925 he worked, with a Rockefeller Grant, with Niels Bohr, at the University of Copenhagen, returning for the summer of 1925 to Göttingen.
Heisenberg received the nobel prize in 1932. -
Paul Dirac
Recieved the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. -
Enrico Fermi
In 1933, he developed the theory of beta decay, postulating that the newly-discovered neutron decaying to a proton emits an electron and a particle which he called a "neutrino". The theory developed to explain this interaction later resulted in recognition of the weak interaction force. Investigation into the weak force has been one of the major areas of study at Fermilab -
Otto Frisch
In 1934 Niels Bohr invited Frisch to join his Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. He continued the work he had begun in London, discovering a further two new isotopes, before becoming interested in the collisions between neutrons and nuclei. -
James Chadwick
Did any of these individuals receive a Nobel Prize, in either chemistry or physics? In what year? He published his findings with characteristic modesty in a first paper entitled "Possible Existence of Neutron." In 1935 he received the Nobel Prize for his discovery -
Irene Joliet- Curie
The Joliot-Curies won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935 for their artificial creation of new radioactive elements by bombardment of alpha particles (helium nuclei, He2+) on various light elements. They correctly interpreted the continued positron emission that occurred after bombardment had ceased as evidence that "radioactive isotopes" of known elements had been created. -
Carl Anderson
Did any of these individuals receive a Nobel Prize, in either chemistry or physics? In what year?
What was their contribution to atomic theory? Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for the discovery of antimatter in particular the positive electron, or positron. In 1936 Anderson made a second important experimental discovery: the existence of a charged particle in cosmic radiation (rays from the sun) with a mass (an amount of matter) of about 200 electron masses, or of abou -
Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi received the Nobel Prize in 1938 for "his discovery of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for the discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons." Fermi and his family used the opportunity offered by his trip to Sweden for the awards ceremonies to come to the United States where Fermi accepted a position as professor of physics at Columbia University. -
Lise Meitner, Fritz & Strassmann
In 1938 Otto Hahn (1879–1968), Lise Meitner (1878–1968), and Fritz Strassmann (1902–1980) became the first to recognize that the uranium atom, when bombarded by neutrons, actually split. -
Hahn, Meitner, & Strassmann
Hahn, Meitner, and Strassmann were not engaged in nuclear weapons research during World War II. At the end of the war Hahn was astonished to hear that he had won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1944 and that nuclear bombs had been developed from his basic discovery. Later, as director of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft -
Richard Feynman & Julian Schwinger
The theoretical achievements of Schwinger and Feynman in the late 1940s and early 1950s ignited a revolution in quantum field theory and laid the foundations for much of the spectacular progress that has been made during the ensuing four decades in understanding the fundamental forces of nature. Although many others also contributed, it was Julian who made the initial breakthrough and led this development in its early stages. ... -
Gell-Mann & George Zweig
The 1964 discovery of the omega-minus particle, which filled a gap in this ordering, brought the theory wide acceptance and led to Gell-Mann's being awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize for Physics. -
Richard Feynman & Julian Schwinger
Schwinger was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on quantum electrodynamics (QED), along with Richard Feynman and Shinichiro Tomonaga. Schwinger's awards and honors were numerous even before his Nobel win. They include the first Albert Einstein Award (1951), the U.S. National Medal of Science (1964), honorary D.Sc. degrees from Purdue University (1961) and Harvard University (1962), and the Nature of Light Award of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1949).
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Gell- Mann & George Zweig
By the mid-1960's, physicists realized that their previous understanding, where all matter is composed of the fundamental protons, neutrons, and electron, was insufficient to explain the myriad new particles being discovered. Gell-Mann's and Zweig's quark theory solved these problems. Over the last thirty years, the theory that is now called the Standard Model of particles and interactions has gradually grown and gained increasing acceptance with new evidence from new particle accelerators. -
Otto Frisch
Otto Frisch did not recieve a nobel prize but did win the Discovery of Fission in Austria. -
Sources
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Carl_David_Anderson.aspx#1
http://atomictimeline.net
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-bio.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/229/000058055
http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline/pages/1803.html
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/dalton.shtmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/young.html
http://www.teslasociety.com/einstein.htm
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heis
