-
Brown v. Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall: NAACP's attorney
-Marshall was well known for his "doll test" in which he shows children a white doll and a black doll, and they have to pick the "nice one"
-The Brown decision dismantled segregation in schools and other public places -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
color line: created by the law that separates whites and nonwhites
-Brooklyn Dodgers hire nonwhite Jackie Robinson to the team
-fans and teammates did not like him -
Executive Order 9981
segregation: separation of whites and nonwhites
-an order in which President Truman wanted to end segregation in the military
-it became an official policy in the armed forces -
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Founded
Civil Rights: rights of citizens to social and political freedom and equality
-it was an organization dedicated to civil rights movement without violence
-other groups such as The Urban League and the NAACP were made to promote civil rights -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- the SCLC was an organization made by MLK Jr for civil rights movement to use nonviolence resistance
- supporters vowed to remain peaceful in their pursuit of justice -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson: supreme court case that upheld rights of states to allow segregation
-banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
-most important civil rights law since Reconstruction -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
Jim Crow Laws & Sit-Ins: laws made to end segregation and people would sit at lunch counters, not being served
-nonwhites would be harassed
-four black students started it, then more and more would do it -
Freedom Rides
Civil Disobedience & SNCC: when a protester refuses to go by the unviolence law because it it unjust/Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- whites and blacks both rode on buses together
- a white mob attacked the bus and set it on fire in Alabama -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine: 9 nonwhite students went to school in Arkansas and were harassed
-a judge had ordered all public schools to begin desegregation, which the Governor of Arkansas said he would not support
-the governor decided he would rather close the school than have another year of integration -
March on Washington
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-250,00 people protested
-largest gathering ever held in the United States -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
Boycott & Rosa Parks: people chose not to ride the buses under any circumstances, Rosa Parks was the cause of all of this when she didn't give up her seat
-the MIA chose 26 year old, MLK, to lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott
-the supreme court upheld a ruling that segregation on buses was unconstitutional -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
disenfranchise: deprive someone of the right to vote
-congress was outlawing literacy tests and tactics that had been used to deny African Americans the right to vote
-the movement gained support from around the country and proved to be very successful -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam, Malcolm X: a religious group that promoted separation, Malcolm X was the leader
-Malcolm X rejected the goals of the early civil rights movement & also rejected the nonviolence strategy
-Malcolm X eventually converted to orthodox Islam -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power: group of activists that were not focused on nonviolent protesting
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-blacks and the Nation of Islam were influenced by the leaders Malcom X, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale
-were okay with violence
-wanted to make a change
-developed a 10 point platform to achieve their goals -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
affirmative action: policy that favors people who tend to suffer from discrimination
- it was a supreme court ruling that upheld affirmative action
- it said that racial quotas were unconstitutional -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
discrimination:
- law that banned discrimination in housing
- it included a fair housing component -
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education
desegregation: ending segregation of people by race
-school and the black students who are being bussed to the school
-bussing is a way for schools to desegregate -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission & ghettos: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that says white racism was the cause of the Watts Riot
-it was a black ghetto caused buy poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
-over the years, riots had spread to other cities
