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Jamestown
-The colony was sponsored by the Virginia Company, a group of investors who hoped to profit
-Tobacco was introduced to Europe by the Spanish, who had learned to smoke it from Native Americans. Despite some early criticism of "drinking smoke," tobacco became popular among the middle classes in England. Much of the tobacco smoked in England was grown in the West Indes
-Headright system: a way of persuading people to come to the New World, especially women. It promised people 50 acres of land -
Pilgrims/Puritans
-City on a Hill- an example for the rest of the world as a model of Christianity. John Winthrop
-Religious tolerance- Puritans created a colony where they were free to worship and practice their faith, without being forced to follow the traditions of the Anglican Church.
-Work ethic-hard work and discipline are a result of a person's duty to the values held by the Protestant faith (Calvinism)
-Mayflower compact- first governing document of Plymouth Colony, written by the male passengers -
Bacon's Rebellion
-Bacon and his sons were against strongly against slavery, this passion lead to one of the first uprisings against slavery where they killed slave owners and burned down farms and houses to set slaves free and join their uprising.
-Indentured servants-many Virginians were indentured servants who worked for free just to be a part of life with in Americas. Nathaniel Bacon on his quest of freeing slaves also freed these servants who helped him on his frontier rebellion. -
Mercantilism/ Salutary Neglect
Mercantilism- governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers
Salutary Neglect- policy of the British government regarding its colonies under which trade regulations for the colonies were barely enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British government and contributed to the economic profit of Britain; ends after Navigation Acts -
Great Awakening
-18th century Americans thought of religion as a form of social cooperation rather than a competition of individuals that the world of commerce envisioned
-impact in reshaping the Congregational church, the Presbyterian church, the Dutch Reformed Church, and the German Reformed denominations, and strengthened the small Baptist and Methodist Anglican, little impact on most Anglicans, Lutherans, Quakers, and non-Protestants -
French and Indian War effects
-expansion of British territory in the New World
-generated resentment towards the colonists among English leaders--> not happy with the financial and military help. All these factors combined to persuade many English leaders that the colonies needed a major reorganization --> end of salutary neglect
-Proclamation of 1763- was put in to decrease the tension between natives. Agreements were set that the colonist could not settle past the Appalachian mountains
-Stamp Act etc to solve war debt -
Revolutionary War
- The American Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies, which declared independence as the United States of America
- The Treaty of Alliance, made the United States and France allies against Great Britain
- France had been secretly aiding the American Colonies since 1776, because France was angry at Britain over the loss of Colonial territory in the French and Indian War
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Declaration of Independence
-stated all men are created equal and there are certain unalienable rights that governments should never violate
-Purpose was to declare independence from Britain and to explain to foreign nations why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain. -
Articles of Confederation
-First agreement of the 13 colonies first constitution which gave almost all the power to the people and the states
- This weak central government gave its power to the states which made things very difficult and complex
- Shay’s rebellion; Daniel shay and his uprising of many farmers went armed and took down the government as there was no militia to help the government, their concern was due to the injustice of taxes they had to pay as they served in the war -
British violation of Treaty of Paris
-Britain still retained control of the region, arguing that Americans did not hold their end of compensating the loyalist
-Violated by bringing slaves from US to Britain -
Land Ordinance of 1785; Land Ordinance of 1787
1785: set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west
1787: An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States, North-West of the Ohio River. The first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the North and the Ohio River to the South. -
Constitution
-Gave federal government an executive branch gave federal government an army to us gave them an ability to tax
-The people who supported the new Constitution, the Federalists, began to publish articles supporting ratification. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay eventually compiled 85 essays as The Federalist Papers
-Anti-Federalists opposed to the Constitution. They complained that the new system threatened liberties, and failed to protect individual rights -
Founding fathers attitude toward political parties
Founding fathers believed that political parties would only lead to trouble and sectionalism in the United states -
Deism
belief in the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature only, with rejection of supernatural revelation -
Hamilton Economic Policies
-He proposed that the government assume the entire debt of the federal government and the states
-to create a Bank of the United States
-Jefferson's reaction-opposed Hamilton's plan and thought he only made it so him and his friends can make a fortune off of it.
-he hoped a growing political party would demand for a constitution -
Bill of Rights
-The bill of rights serves to protect citizens from excess government power
-It achieves this by ensuring there is separation of powers between different government branches, the judicial, executive, and the legislative -
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
- a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war
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Washington's Farewell Address
-Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. He was also against foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations -
Alien and Sedition Act
The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed by Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798. They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen, allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were "deemed dangerous who were from a hostile nation," and arrested for making false statements that were critical of the federal government -
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin- a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber--> increase in slavery
Interchangeable parts- standardized, identical parts that made for faster assembly and easier repair of various devices. -
Marbury vs Madison
- Case in which, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared the Congress as unconstitutional, allowing for judicial review. The court’s opinion, written by Chief Justice John Marshall, is considered one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law
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Louisiana Purchase
-The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France, where the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million
-Jefferson wanted this land gain to have control of the Mississippi and to gain power overall -
Cult of Domesticity
-middle-class American women's behavior was regulated by this social system
-designed to limit their influence in the home and on family. Yet within this space, they developed networks and modes of expression that allowed them to speak out on the major moral questions facing the nation -
War of 1812
- US vs Britain -Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Britain’s impressment of American seamen and America’s desire to expand its territory
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Lowell System
-a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century
-farm girls and young women who came to work at the textile factory were housed in supervised dormitories or boardinghouses -
Hartford Convention
-a series of meetings in Hartford, Connecticut, where the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power
- they discussed removing the three fifths compromise, admission of new states, and the Louisiana purchase -
American System
-Henry Clay
-a tariff to protect and promote American industry, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements
-The Erie Canal extends from the Hudson River to Lake Erie -
Compromise of 1820/ Missouri Compromise
-In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
- repealed by the Kansas and Nebraska Act 1854
-39, 30 parallel anything north is free and anything south is slaved -
Emerson, Cooper, and other early 19th century authors
-Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American Transcendentalist poet, philosopher and essayist during the 19th century. One of his best-known essays is "Self-Reliance"
-James F Cooper- first major American novelist, author of the novels of frontier adventure known as the Leatherstocking Tales -
Monroe Doctrine
-United States would handle the affairs of the West
-If a European nation would try to interfere with the West, the United States would view that as a hostile act and would respond accordingly
-Roosevelt stated that "in keeping with the Monroe Doctrine, the United States was justified in exercising 'international police' power' to put an end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the West" -
Andrew Jackson
-The Indian Removal authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands
- Suffrage- democracy was largely limited to Americans of European descent, and voting rights were extended to adult white males only
-Jackson was against the bank
-pet banks are state banks after the veto of the second bank -
Transcendentalism
-Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It came to be as a reaction to the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time -
William Lloyd Garrison
-In 1830 he started an abolitionist paper, The Liberator
- In 1832 he helped form the New England Antislavery Society. When the Civil War broke out, he continued to call the Constitution a pro-slavery document. -
Tariff of Abominations/Nullification crisis
-The Tariff of Abominations was a protective tariff passed by the Congress on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States
- declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina after February 1, 1833. They said that attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state's secession
- Calhoun-fought the nullification but resigning and trying to become a senate
-Jackson wanted to hang Calhoun -
Popular Sovereignty
that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people -
Manifest Destiny
Desire to move westward
Whig Policy- opposed manifest destiny due to the questions of admitting new states as free or enslaved and they felt an expansive nation would be too large to govern.
Democratic Policy- supported manifest destiny -
Irish Immigration
-Irish came to New England due to the Potato Famine, this upset the nativist party because they were taking jobs away from Americans
-Know nothing party developed due to the shared hatred of the Irish immigrants -
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
-ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States
-The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern boundary -
Mexico
1844 Election - Democrat James K Polk defeat Whig, Henry Clay, in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed
Mexico and the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico acknowledged the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and Texas. It also ceded New Mexico and California to the United States. In return, the United States paid Mexico 15 million dollars -
Seneca Falls Convention
-First women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman
-Elizabeth C Stanton was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement
-Susan B Anthony was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement -
Compromise of 1850
California comes in as a free states and in order to please the south, there is a stricter fugitive slave act in place
Slave trade in Washington DC was abolished -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. -The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30 -
Dred Scott case
- Legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States; and that the Missouri Compromise, which had declared free all territories west of Missouri and north of latitude 36°30′, was unconstitutional. https://www.britannica.com/event/Dred-Scott-decision
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John Brown
-An armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown attacked the U.S. military arsenal at Harpers Ferry
-Brown was wounded and captured, while 10 of his men were killed, including two of his sons
-Brown was tried by the state of Virginia for treason and murder, and found guilty in November -
Lincoln/Republican policy on Slavery in 1860
Lincoln was morally opposed to slavery and stood by the Republican Party's platform of 1860, which stated that slavery should not be allowed to expand into any more territories -
Civil War
-Some causes of the Civil War include: states rights, expansion, slavery, Bleeding Kansas, and secession
-North had a large navy, railroads for food and supplies, factories to produce weapons, and Lincolns support BUT unknown territory and few trained soldiers
-South was familiar with the land, had a passion towards the cause, and trained soldiers BUT no railroads, small population, and few factories. -
Emancipation Proclamation
- Granted freedom to the slaves in the Confederate States if the States did not return to the Union by January 1, 1863. In addition, under this proclamation, freedom would only come to the slaves if the Union won the war
