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Jamestown
-King James I chartered the Viginia Company in 1606 to search for gold and silver along the eastern coast of North America
-Tobacco becomes Virginia's first cash crop export, and a new strain from the caribbean introduced by John Rolfe allows the market to explode.
-As a result of needing a larger labor force to cultivate tobacco, the headright system was introduced in 1608. This system gave 50 acres of land to new settlers in the colony. -
Pilgrims/Puritans
-The Pilgrims' colony in Massachusetts was referred to as the "City On a Hill" after the term was used in a speech by John Winthrop. Boston, the city on hill, would be watched upon by the rest of the world, and would set the precedent for New World settlement.
-The Pilgrims formed their own denominations (Separatists)
-Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England and sought that members of their new colony adhere to their Anglican beliefs. -
Protestant Work Ethic/Mayflower Compact/Halfway Covenant
-The Protestant Work Ethic symbolized the idea that hard work and diligence in the name of the Lord would get them to heaven. Their life was "God-Centered" and belived that doing good to those around them would bring them closer to heaven.
-The Mayflower compact was the first governing document of the Plymouth colony written by the "Saints" or Pilgrim fathers.
-The halfway covenant was created in 1662 to re-emphasize the important of the church in people's lives in Puritan New England -
Bacon's Rebellion
-Armed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against William Berkeley, the governor of Virginia
-Bacon and fellow frontiersman angered at Berkeley's failure to protect settlers from Indian attacks.
-Each side offered freedom to slaves who would join their cause, and Bacon gathered a large African American following.
-Indentured servants, both black and white, fought in the rebellion, which threatened the ruling class -
Mercantilism/Salutary Neglect
-The British put restrictions on how their colonies spent their money so that they could control their economies. England also taxed imported goods in the colonies.
-Salutary neglect was the philosophy of not enforcing these policies within the colonies. The distance between England and the colonies made it difficult to enforce trade and tax regulations
http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/lessonplan/mercantilism.asp
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Deism
-The belief that God created the universe but is not responsible for the affairs that go on in it.
-Not a religion, but a religious philosophy
-Benjamin Franklin published his philosophy on Deism in 1728
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h660.html -
Great Awakening
-Sparked by George Whitefield, who toured the country with other Protestant ministers, hoping to incite religious revival
-First Great Awakening (1725-1750)
-Second Great Awakening (Early 1800s)
-Puritan and Anglican beliefs were waning in poularity as new denominations of Churches were being formed. -
French and Indian War effects
-Marked the end of salutary neglect. Britain wanted the colonies to help fund the war.
-Proclamation line of 1763; colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. This infuriated colonists and created an anti-British attitude.
-Townshend Acts of 1767 put taxes on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea
-Stamp act repealed on March 20th, 1766 -
Revolutionary War
-Representatives of the French and American governments signed the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce on February 6, 1778.
-The most crucial aspect of the French alliance was France's Navy. The French navy transported reinforcements, fought off the British fleet, and protected Washington’s forces in Virginia. -
Founding Fathers Attitude Toward Political Parties
-Believed that political parties were "factions" dangerous to the public interest
-Politics should be collaborative, not competitive
http://www.shmoop.com/political-parties/founding-fathers-political-parties.html -
Declaration of Independence
-Declared the 13 colonies sovereign from the British Empire
- Commonly divided into five parts: the Introduction, Preamble, Indictment of King George III, Denunciation of the British people, and the Conclusion. -
Articles of Confederation
-Gave little power to the federal governement and solidified states' rights
-Shay's Rebellion in 1786 was a result of American farmers retaliating against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt.
-The rebellion was used as an example for why the Articles needed to be revised, as the federal government had no power to enforce its own laws over the states. -
British Violations of the Treaty of Paris
-In the Great Lakes region, Britain violated the agreement that they should give up control of forts in United States territory -
Land Ordinance of 1785/1787
-Introduced by Thomas Jefferson
-Would divide land up into "Townships", or squares with an area of 36 miles.
-Sell each one mile square in the township for $640 to farming families
-Northwest Ordinance of 1787 created the first U.S territory west of the Appalachians in the Ohio river valley area -
Constitution
-Divided powers among three branches (Executive, legislative, and judicial) with checks and balances system
-Federalists supported the ratification while anti-federalists opposed it
-Bill of Rights (First ten amendments in 1791) -
Hamilton's Economic Plan
-The federal government should "assume" all of the war debt from the states, increasing the federal government's reputation.
-His protectionist policy included tariffs on imported goods to boost American manufacturing
http://www.ushistory.org/us/18b.asp
-A central national bank with stable paper currency would increase the economy's dynamics
-Jefferson argued the national bank to be unconstitutional and wanted to maintain the agrarian society -
Bill of Rights
-Created because of anti-federalist push for protection of personal freedoms
-Gave all unstated powers to the people through the constitution -
Washington's Neutrality
-Declared the United States would remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and France
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/neutra93.asp -
Eli Whitney
-Patented in 1794, the cotton gin separated the seeds from the soft fibers
-Farmers could cultivate more land, which required more labor, so the cotton gin actually boosted the slave trade
-In 1798, Whitney took up a contract from the government to produce 10,000 muskets in 2 years. His idea for interchangable parts was one of the first steps in mass production. -
Washington's Farewell Address
-Denied a third term
-Washington was exhausted, had served the country for 20 years, and was facing attacks from political opponents. This prompted him to give up a third term, which set the precedent for those to follow. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
-These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as make it harder for new immigrants to vote.
-The sedition act prohibited public opposition toward the government
-The Virginia and Kentucky legislatures passed resolutions declaring the federal laws invalid within their states.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Alien.html -
Presidential Election of 1800
"Revolution of 1800"
-Jefferson defeated John Adams
-Demise of Federalist party
-New generation of Democratic Republicans ushered in
http://www.ushistory.org/us/20a.asp -
Cult of Domesticity
-New ideas of femininity
- Four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness
-Mostly white, protestant New Engalnders
-Women should produce food, raise their children, and take care of their husband
http://americainclass.org/the-cult-of-domesticity/ -
19th Century Authors
-Ralph Waldo Emerson led the transcendentalist movement and was the "champion of independence"
-James Fenimore Cooper wrote romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days and created a unique form of American literature.
-Thoreau (also a transcendentalist and author of "Civil Disobediance") -
Marbury v. Madison
-Established judicial review
-John Marshall
-Marbury not granted his position after the Supreme Court ruled his petition unconstitutional
http://www.history.com/topics/marbury-v-madison -
Louisiana Purchase
-Jefferson wanted the U.S. to be able to freely use the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans for shipping crops to market. -
War of 1812: Causes
-Trade restrictions imposed by the British to stop American trade with France
-Impressent by British Navy
-British military support to Native Americans inhibiting westward expansion -
Hartford Convention
-Federalist Party met to discuss their concerns about the War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power.
-Andrew Jackson's New Orleans victory discredited the Federalists and they soon lost political influence -
American System/Clay-Whig Policies
-Created by Henry Clay, John C Calhoun, and John Quincy Adams
-New form of federalism
Main Points:
-Funds for national defense
-Frigates for the Navy
-A standing army and federal control of the militia
-Federal aid for building roads and canals
-A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers
-Re-establishing the National Bank
-Federal assumption of some state debt -
Lowell System
-Textile factories in New England
-Young women worked in the factories
-Mass production and the vertically integrated system -
Transcendentalism
-Philosophical movement
-Self reliancy and independence
-Believed that society and institutions corrupted the purity of the individual
-Proposed the goodness of people and nature, rather than the beliefs that man was "sinful" and nature was something to be conquered http://www.transcendentalists.com/what.htm -
Missouri Compromise
-The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to keep a balance between the number of slave states and the number of free states in the Union.
-It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state at the same time Maine entered as a free state, keeping the balance
-36 30 line -
Manifest Destiny
-Democrats created the phrase "Manifest Destiny" and favored rapid territorial growth
-Whigs favored internal improvements and slow expansion, as opposed to the Democrats -
Monroe Doctrine
-Created by John Quincy Adams
-The United States would oppose further European colonization in north and south America, but not interfere with existing colonies
-Britain was afraid of Spanish reclamation of its former colonies, and wanted a joint agreement with the United States, but Quincy advised Monroe to create a doctrine indepenedent of Britain's foreign policy -
Tariff of Abominations/Nullification Crisis
-Designed to protect northern industry by taxing lower priced imported goods
-The south in turn had to spend more on goods it could not produce, and Britain could not afford to buy the south's cotton
-South Carolina declared the tariff unconstitutional
-John C Calhoun was a major promoter of states rights -
Andrew Jackson
-Indian removal act of 1830 moved indians west of the Mississippi river
-Opposed the national bank (unconstitutional)
-Expanded white male suffrage
-Spoils system (rewarding political supporters with positions)
-Pet Banks were banks selected by the treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833. -
William Lloyd Garrison
-Founded "The Liberator", an abolitionist newspaper
-One of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society
-Wanted immediate slave emancipation
-Promoter of women's suffrage -
Irish Immigration
-During the Great Famine of the 1840's in Ireland, thousands fled for America
-Many fled to Boston, and in one year Boston's Irish population jumped from 30,000-100,00
-Many Irish turned to servitude. 70% of servants in Boston were Irish immigrants
-The "Know-Nothing" Party was a group of "native' Americans who resented the influx of immigrants, especially the Irish -
Mexico
-Annexation of Texas was a controversial issue in the election of 1844
-Polk became president and annexed Texas as the 28th state
-Both parties (Whigs and Democrats) originally opposed the annexation as it could provoke a war with Mexico and offset the free/slave state balance
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h319.html -
Popular Sovereignty
-Term coined by Lewis Cass
-The premise was simple. Let the people of the territories themselves decide whether slavery would be permitted.
-Applied during the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas Nebraska Act
-Stephen Douglas popularized the term -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Ended the Mexican-American war (1846-1848) https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/guadalupe-hidalgo/ -
Seneca Falls Convention
-First women's rights convention
-Cady Stanton (author of Declaration of Sentiments)
-Susan B Anthony and Stanton wrote together the "History of Women Suffrage"
-Declaration of Sentiments (spread the news of the women's rights movement around the country) -
Compromise of 1850
-California would enter as a free state
-Utah and New Mexico would be decided with popular sovereignty
-Texas's borders were defined
-Slavery was abolished in Washington D.C.
-Strenghtened the fugitive slave law. It forced officials in free states to hold a hearing for slaveholders without a jury -
Kansas Nebraska Act
-Allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether slavery would be allowed
-Repealed the Missouri compromise and declared it unconstitutional
-Created by Stephen Douglas
-Stephen Douglas promoted his policy of popular sovereignty to try and avoid the slavery crisis between the states -
Dred Scott v Sanford
-Verdict:
"African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court"
-Scott sues for his freedom on the terms that he lived in a free state for several years with his owner (Wisconsin and Illinois)
-Slaves were considered property and could not be taken from owners
-Also reinforces the fact that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional becuase Congress had no power to regulate slavery http://www.history.com/topics/blac -
John Brown
-Raid on Harper's Ferry was an attempt to incite an armed slave rebellion by taking over a U.S. arsenal
-Failed after Robert E Lee and a platoon of Marines suppressed the raid
-Many southern whites lived in fear of a slave insurrection after this event
-Most northerners were shocked at this "insane" approach to the abolitionist movement. Views on Brown's raid in the North did however, vary greatly -
Lincoln/Republican Policy on Slavery in 1860
-"In a letter to Senator Lyman Trumbull on December 10, 1860, Lincoln wrote, "Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery." -" In a letter to John A. Gilmer of North Carolina of December 15, 1860, which was soon published in newspapers, Lincoln wrote that the 'only substantial difference' between North and South was that 'You think slavery is right and ought to be extended; we think it is wrong and ought to be restricted." http://www.lib.niu.edu/1997/ihy970236.html -
Civil War Causes
-Slavery
-Dred Scott case
-Raid on Harper's Ferry
-Missouri Compromise
-Underground Railroad
-Uncle Tom's Cabin
-Abolitionist Movement http://www.historynet.com/causes-of-the-civil-war
-States' rights advocation -
Emancipation Proclamation
-It changed the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved persons in the designated areas of the South from "slave" to "free"
