-
Reason for Establishment
To serve as the first British settlement in the new Land. -
Period: to
Jamestown
-
Tobacco
Gold was the most popular form of finding wealth at the time, but because there was such little access to gold in Virginia, Jamestown flourished on tobacco. This brought up new technologies like glassblowing, vineyard cultivation, and silkworm farming. -
Headright System
This was intended to stop labor shortages by giving away land (50 acres/1 headright) to settlers who paid their way to come to Virginia, previous settlers. This also encouraged families to move together to receive more headrights. -
Mayflower Compact
A compact binding the Pilgrims together and agreeing to create a civil society once they arrived in the New Land. The majority of this group included Separatists, Puritans who separated from the Church of England. -
Period: to
Pilgrims/Puritans
-
Religious Tolerance
Religious Tolerance was one of the main reasons people migrated to the new Land in the first place but were disappointed when they arrived and the Pilgrims and Puritan groups were heavily intolerant of religious diversity. Ironically, the Puritans left their home country to seek religious freedom, yet they were the most intolerant of other religions. -
Work Ethic
Hard working is trait highly stressed in the Puritan belief. Good work ethic would bring glory to God. This came from their original belief that material wealth was a sign that God was "looking out for you." -
Halfway Covenant
The Puritan church had a policy of conversion where if you proved to be a devout Puritan and had a special connection to God, you could be a Puritan. However, as time went on, people weren't as confident about their conversions and the church grew smaller and smaller. This resulted in the Halfway Covenant, a policy allowing children of a baptized parent to be baptized and henceforth, join the church. It was mainly just a way to recruit new church members in New England. -
Period: to
Bacon's Rebellion
-
and Indentured Servants
Indentured Servants at the time were mostly used in wealthy, elite homes but still stood a a threat to social stability. Similarly to slaves, they created a fear of an uprising and theft, but they were more personal of threat because they were in the homes of the wealthy. -
and Slavery
It affected slavery in both a positive and negative way. It proved that poor whites and black could work together toward a common goal. However, for wealthy elites, it threatened their power that radical groups of poor people were growing with the inclusion of black people. This was the beginning of racism in the New Land. -
City on a Hill
Also known as "Massachusetts Bay", was the area in which Putians settled, establishing their beliefs about predestination and conversion. -
Mercantilism/ Salutary Neglect
An economic belief that all parts of a nations income and wealth is to go to the "mother country" or for the whole empire/nation. British mercantilism had slight differences in comparison to the general idea including: salutary neglect (a trade agreement that North America would remain loyal to Mother England), promoting free market, preventing paper money, and inhibiting the development of banking. -
Period: to
Great Awakening
-
What: Great Awakening
Jonathan Edward idea that God was angry at the colonists and that "humans are sinners" sparked this religious movement dividing "New Light" and "Old Light" believers, however both believing that one religion does not overcome another. It was also known for being against Enlightenment Ideas. -
Effects on Established Churches
The established church was de-emphasized and a direct, individual connection to God was valued. Separation of church and state also arose, keeping religious perspective and the power of the church separate from any governmental and political decisions. -
When: Great Awakening
It lasted through long periods of revivalism and abolishments between 1720s-1743. At the time, such causes for the Awakening included: rationalism in New England, formalism in liturgical practices, and neglect in Southern pastoralism. -
Deism
The belief in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it, leaving behind no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving no supernatural revelation. -
Period: to
French and Indian War Effects
-
Proclamation of 1763
This line along the Appalachian Mountains closed off westward expansion to colonists. This also restricted any colonial governments or individuals to make deals or communicate with Western Native Tribes. This was intended to be a temporary act to help the British regain control over the colonies, but it caused uprisings, causing the line o last all the way until the beginning of the Revolution. -
Period: to
Declaration of Independence
-
Stamp Act
This at imposed a tax on all paper products, initially enforced to pay back the British debt from the Seven Years War (French and Indian War). Colonists were furious with his act and claimed it unconstitutional reacting in mobs and rebellions. It was repealed in 1766, but didn't make much of a difference because replacing it was the Declaratory Act which basically gave the British the power to do whatever they please with the colonists and colonial land. -
Kennedy and Virginia Resolves
Most important was the Virginia Resolves on the Stamp Act. Six resolutions were adopted by the Virginia House of Burgesses (with the exception of 2 radical ones). -
Period: to
Eli Whitney
An American inventor and manufacturer. In 1793, He invented the cotton gin using interchangeable parts that was popular in the South which became the home of the cotton boom improving the Southern economy. -
Period: to
Andrew Jackson
-
End of Salutary Neglect
The British replaced Salutary Neglect with a series of acts including: The Navigation Acts, a series of acts as an attempt for the government to control trade; stamp, sugar, tea, and townshend acts. This infuriated the colonists because it defeated the purpose of even coming to a new nation because it would all turn into British territory. -
Period: to
Revolutionary War
-
Contents: D.O.I
Occurring during the Revolutionary Period, written by Thomas Jefferson separated the American Colonies from Britain and preached equality and rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness for everyone. -
Purpose: D.O.I
Provide a reason to foreign countries, both allies and enemies, why the colonies have decided to separate from Great Britain. -
Period: to
Articles of Confederation
-
Importance of French Aid
The French had revenge from the Seven Years War toward Great Britain and allied with America. They provided military aid, most importantly the French navy. They established a Treaty of Alliance claiming that the French wold be allies for America during the Revolutionary War and that America would be an ally to France if needed in the future. Unfortunately, america would not hold up their end of the bargain and would claim neutrality in the French Revolution. -
and Weak Central Government
Established a national government of the United States but was unsuccessful in creating a central government and preventing individual states from following their own government. -
and Flaws
The main issue was the inability to place taxes on states. This left Congress with very little funds to run a government effectively. It also had no executive or judicial power, making it hard to control such varying states. -
British Violations of Treaty of Paris
-remained in the Great Lakes region
-influenced Native Tribes to rebel against the United States
-boasting how the US never compensated Loyalists for confiscated property. -
Orderly Creation and Admission of States 1785
This ended the disputes between the states, created townships, and giving settlers expanded U.S. territory. The land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River was divided into ten separate states. -
Period: to
Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787
-
and Shay's Rebellion
Protests by farmers led by Daniel Shay, against individual state enforcement and taxes placed on them. It got the attention of politicians as a reason to revise the Articles of Confederation -
Ratification Fight and Who Supported and Who Opposed
Supported:
Federalists because they believed a strong national government was needed to replace the Articles of Confederation and that the three branches of government would reduce chances of tyranny.
Opposed:
Anti-Federalists because they feared tyranny from a national government and that they would ignore individual states rights and needs. -
Major Amendments to it
33 amendments are added to the Constitution, the first 10 of those being the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights, also known as the Charters of Freedom, protected the rights of the people. -
Bill of Rights
To ensure that people's personal rights are protected and that the government does not become too powerful and present a threat to the population. -
Period: to
Constitution
-
How it Strengthened the Federal Government
Iy strengthened the Federal Government in three ways:
1. Introduced Federal Taxes
2. Now have enough money from tax dollars to afford a strong central army as opposed to the militia-men that were previously fighting for the US.
3. Introduced new distribution of power like checks and balances and new branches of government that cannot over power another. -
Founding Fathers Attitude toward Political Parties
They were against political parties in fear that it would take over the people -
Orderly Creation and Admission of States 1787
Defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the new expanded territory. It abolished slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote pro-slavery once the land divided into states. -
and Growth of Political Parties
Federalists:
Hamilton supported the ideas of the Federalists.They believed that representative governments were easily undermined by an excess of democracy, government was safest when controlled by “independent” individuals, fund the national debt, expand the authority of the national government at the expense of the states.
Republicans:
Jefferson supported the ideas of the Republicans. They believed in limiting federal power, state authority, and expanding popular participation. -
Tariffs
The Tariff Act of 1789 protected trade and raised revenues for the federal government. It gave powers to Congress "to lay and collect taxes, duties, imports and excises." -
and Jefferson Reaction
Jefferson believed that the Bank of the United States was too similar to the English government and rule, Congress creating a bank ws unconstitutional, and that the government needed to support the already-established agrarian base. -
Period: to
Hamilton Economic Policies
-
Funding and Assumption
The Assumption or Funding Act, passed by Thomas Jefferson, presented Hamilton's idea that the federal government should assume Revolutionary-era state debts. -
Bank of US
Hamilton created the First National Bank, and created manipulation of the interest rates. This bank was created because the government had a debt from the Revolutionary War, and each state had a different form of currency, so to compromise, the national bank was the solution. -
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides regarding the French Revolution. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Alliance Treaty the US had with France. It was unexpected since France was the main reason the US won the American Revolution. -
Washington's Farewell Address
This was Washington's last speech as President of the US. The speech talked about stressed maintaining commercial but not political ties to other nations and not entering permanent alliances. It set a precedent for future presidents to only serve a two term presidency. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
Several laws passed by the Federalist Congress to include new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote -
Period: to
John Brown
-
Election of 1800
Jefferson and Burr are candidates for the Presidency and each received 73 votes in the Electoral College. The decision had to be made by the House of Representatives and they chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. It was significant because it was the firs time there was a time with the same political party and Alexander Hamilton, a leader of the Federalist Party who had a final say in the decision, had personal issues with Burr, which is rumored influenced Jeffersons victory. -
Marbury vs. Madison
A court case started when James Madison refused to deliver Marbury’s commission, Marbury got a writ of mandamus forcing the delivery to continue. It was the first time the Supreme Court announced that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it's unconstitutional. -
Louisiana Purchase
An agreement between the French and the US to give the Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million dollars. Jefferson feared that over time France would impose harsh taxes and other restrictions on American use of the Port of New Orleans. -
William Lloyd Garrison
An abolitionist, author of "The Liberator" in Boston and founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. -
Cult of Domesticiy
A belief that women should stay at and tend to the house maintenance.The four major principles include piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness. -
Lowell System
A textile factory that hired Mill Girls, young female workers, mostly
daughters of New England farmers. -
Period: to
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the US was destined to expand westward across the continent. Democrats used this Whig originated idea to justify the war with Mexico. -
Period: to
War of 1812
A war between the US and Great Britain caused by the British Navy’s impressment of American sailors and Americas expansion westward.
The constant British threat created boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism in the American military. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war but with no winner or real answer to the issues. -
Hartford Convention
A meeting of delegates in Hartford declaring that the the Federal Government had to protect and supply financial aid to New England, emphasized a need for a updated Constitutional amendments. For example, the 2/3 majority vote. -
Period: to
Frederick Douglass compared to Du Bois
Douglass lived on a plantation as a slave and tells about a variety of his experiences as a slave, including the harsher conditions he endured because of his mixed race
Du Bois received a Ph.D. from Harvard, was a deep and controversial thinker, and felt that equality among the races could only come from equality in education. -
Compromise of 1820
The cause occurred when Missouri requested for admission to the Union as a slave state.
To solve the free/slave state imbalance, Congress made Missouri a slave state but made Maine a free state. It also established the 36'30 line where about the line would be free and below it would be slave states. -
Missouri Compromise
A two-part compromise admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and passed an amendment that drew an imaginary line across the former Louisiana Territory, establishing a boundary between free and slave regions -
Period: to
Monroe Doctrine
A doctrine opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning and declared that European nations were not allowed take control of any state in North or South America. The cause was that US and Britain were worried about European colonial expansion in the Americas. The Roosevelt Corollary justified American expansion throughout the Western Hemisphere. -
Expansion of Suffrage
With the rise of the two party system and Jacksonian Democracy, the right to vote became much more accessible to all white men. With new rights come new restrictions, soon property laws and literary requirements would be placed to prevent poor people from voting. -
Emerson, Cooper, and other 19th Century Authors
James Fenimore Cooper was the first important American novelist to write about American subjects and settings.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was the spokesman for transcendentalism, first set forth in his essay "Nature."
Nathaniel Hawthorne represents American romanticism and Puritan ideas.
Thoreau writes about nature, like Emerson, but from the viewpoint of a naturalist-philosopher viewing humanity and the transcendental solace of the world from the outside. -
Indian Policy
Also known as the Indian Removal Act, gave the president to give away unsettled western lands in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders, causing the Indians to leave their homes. Many tribes rebelled but many conformed as well. -
American System
Henry Clay, a charming speaker known for charm was in the House of Representatives and Senate, served as the Secretary of State, and created the American System. System was a plan to unify the nation, established by the Whig Party, preached the "American dream". -
Pet Banks
State banks that placed deposits, removed from the federal National Bank, with the intention of destroying the bank. -
Period: to
Dred Scott Case
A Supreme Court case in which Dred Scott sued for his freedom after being captured on the false accusation that he was a slave after a long residence in free territory. It resulted in the rule that Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore couldn't sue in court. -
Bank of US
A place where federal funds and paid national debts would be addressed. Industrial and manufacturing workers supported a central bank because they were in need of a strong currency. Agrarians didn't support the Bank of US because they feared an overpowering federal government. -
Transcendentalism
the belief that individuals perform at their best when they are independent and purified.Thoreau was a famous author at the time that preached and wrote about transcendentalism. -
Mexico
James Polk, who supported expansion, declared that Texas and Oregon be added to the US after Henry Clay claimed he was against annexation, won the Election of 1844. The Whig Party is a political party that was indifferent to slavery, anti-war, anti-Jackson, and pro-protective tariffs.
-
Period: to
Transcontinental Railroad
The Central PacificRailroad and Union Pacific Railroad were to link San Francisco to an eastern railroad in Iowa. It provided reliable and more efficient transportation and communication throughout the country. -
Government Subsides
The idea of Manifest destiny allowed for partly government, partly independent/private financial aid to the Railroad. It fostered the "domestic and international trade." -
Irish Immigration
The Know-Nothing Party (nativist) believed that its members were native born male Protestants who were opposed to immigrants being able to vote or hold political office. -
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
A treaty that ended the Mexican-American war, added the lands of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming to the US -
Democratic Policies
Policies of the "common man" included: limitations of federal power, promoting state power, and anti-bank and Northern industrialists. -
Popular Sovereignty
The basic principle that the government is for and by the people. The people who lived in a region could determine their gvernment of that area. -
Period: to
Seneca Falls Convention
Meeting of women about woman suffrage movement in the US in Seneca Falls directed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott -
Stanton and Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: a member of the women's right's movement
by advocating suffrage for women at the Seneca Falls Convention.
Susan B. Anthony: a lecturer for women's rights who believed that men and women were equal and spent her life fighting for those rights. -
Compromise of 1850
This compromise admitted California as a free state, the slave trade in DC became illegal, slavery was still legal, popular sovereignty existed in the Mexican Cession land, and a harsher Fugitive Slave Law was enforced -
Effect of Industry
The Transcontinental Railroad started the Transportation Industry where manufacturing item could be transported from factory to factory within a matte roof days. Manufacturing and Industry had sky rocketed the economy and America became a business and industrial hub. -
The Kansas Nebraska Act
An act that allowed settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state’s borders.
Conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act’s passage led to Bleeding Kansas. -
Missouri Compromise Constitutionality
The Dred Scott case revealed that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress was prohibiting individuals of private property without due process of law -
reaction in North
The Northerners heavily and publicly disagreed with the ideals and freedoms awarded that black people and ex-slaves had in the North.
They declared that it was caused by the slave power conspiracy that the Supreme Court belonged. -
Land Grants
Land grants gave public land to federal projects like railroads, dams, irrigation, etc. The land would be sold and paid for in a more rapid settlement in the West. -
Harper's Ferry
The area where John Brown was hung. It was also there that John Brown planned to ride down the river and provide slaves with arms from the North, but this plan failed and he was captured which lead to his inevitable death. -
reaction in North and South
North: Harper's Ferry was the act of a madman, yet one who was righteously motivated, yet everyone was too afraid to do something about it.
South:
The raid emphasized the psychological conflict and differences between the two regions. -
Period: to
Titans of Industry
Rockerfeller, Carnegie, Morgan, Steel, Vanderbilt, Pullman, and many others who've developed industries and "big business" that shaped the industrial and economic state of the country. They are known as the "Men who made America." -
Period: to
Lincoln/ Republican Policy on Slavery
Lincoln and the Republican Party was morally and politically opposed to slavery and the westward expansion of slavery. He references his "Peoria Speech" often in which he declares his position on slavery. -
Cause: Civil War
Causes include: differences between northern and southern states on the issues of slavery, trade, tariffs, and states rights. All of these issues increased sectionalism and the awareness of their sir differences. -
Period: to
Civil War
-
Emancipation Proclamation
A proclamation that freed slaves in the Confederacy, but not in the Border states. It led to slaves revolts and more people joining the Union. It was the first step in the total abolition of slavery in the US. -
and Secession
Lincoln was relentless about the Union and South Carolina secession. He had always stressed that "Union must be preserved at all hazards." -
Foreign Policy of Britain and France
-
Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and South
North:
larger population, needed to transport supplies to troops, had to invade, conquer and invade South, great industry, and lacked military leadership.
South:
population consisted of slaves, knew the land they were fighting on, could produce food and supplies they needed. -
Period: to
Republican Reconstruction
Reconstruction has three major concerns: to restore the Union, transform Southern society, and enact progressive legislation to free black slaves. -
Period: to
Labor Unions
An organized group of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests to wages, conditions, and work hours. -
Black Codes
Laws passed by Southern states to restrict African American freedoms and rights in society. It forced them into hard labor jobs that no body wanted, like share cropping. -
Election of 1876
One of the most disputed elections where Tiden outnumbered Hayes in the popular vote and had more electoral votes than Hayes. However, 20 uncounted voters were awarded to Hayes, winning him the election, regardless of what the people voted. -
Period: to
Post Civil War Southern Society
-
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Horizontal: When a company increases their manufacturing of consumer goods at the same time of expanding to adjacent markets. Vertical: The supply of a companies owned by the same company. -
Period: to
Laissez Faire Economics
A political and economic doctrine that economies function with minimal government interference and banning taxation, regulating individualism, and free trade and competition. -
Period: to
Gilded Age Business Cycles
The Gilded Age Cycles are also know as boom and bust cycles. It would be a see saw of unemployment and bankruptcy and economic booms and successes. It was subject to periodic convulsions, depending on slim factors in the political, economic, and social climate of the country. -
Terms
Civil Rights Act, 14th and 15th amendments, and an overwhelming Democratic presence threatened the Republican Party. This led to BLACK CODES: restricting black's god given rights. The CRÉDIT MOBILIER affected the economics of the time with secret businesses and dealings with Ulysses S. Grant to lead to he DEPRESSION OF 1873. -
Sharecropping
Also known as a tenant farmer, when a landowner allows a farmer to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land. Former slaves were forced to work as sharecroppers due to lack of capital and land. -
Period: to
Southern and Eastern European Immigrants
The South-Eastern European Immigrants worked effectively and diligently in factory jobs while others found work as agricultural laborers. -
Period: to
Growth of the Cities
-
Period: to
Social Darwinism
A theory based on Darwin's scientific theory stating that human nature and success is a mater of "survival of the fittest." It is a form of natural selection, applied to social status and economic and political success. -
Period: to
Dawes Act
Allowed the President to divide up Indian land, moving families and tribes out of their homes.These lands allotted were usually desert and could not sustain crop farming and lacked the farming knowledge to work and survive in such conditions. -
Business Combinations
Business deals, like pool and cartels, along with new technological advances improved the industrial and economic state of America. Former business competitors would become informal partners, and then into formal cooperative ventures among owners. These combinations avoided state laws and forbade monopolies. -
Period: to
Gospel of Wealth
Written by Andrew Carnegie, supports philanthropy and preached qualities that lead to success such as working hard, opportunity, and responsibility. The correct way to handle wealth is to give back to the community, to do what is morally for the "good of all" people. -
Period: to
Sherman Antitrust Act
An act to change concentrations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition and was named for U.S. Senator John Sherman. -
Use Against Unions
It forbade any "restraint of commerce" across state lines, and stated that union strikes and boycotts were covered by the law, leading to a nationwide strike and boycott from unions. -
Sanitation
Living and working conditions in large industrial cities were typically dirty, overpopulated, and unsanitary, leading to diseases in factories and tenement houses. Sanatoriums helped by open porches to provide fresh air and easy access to the outdoors. -
Period: to
Progressivism
A group of people believing in overcoming inefficiencies in government, corrupt political machines, and the inadequate living conditions of the poor and that industrialization was the root of social issues, like city slums. -
and Southern Racism
Agrarians’ idea that the monopolistic interests of banking, railroading, mercantile, and a litany of other industrial / commercial trusts, kept the “producing class” farmers in debt. -
Policies
A political movement that mobilizes the population, specifically the lower class, against the government to stick up for the "underdog" of the situation or society. -
Period: to
Populism
Political idea to fight against the conception that common people are exploited by the wealthy elite. -
Farmer Discontent
With technological advancements increasing the amount of land under cultivation, the railroads and the gradual displacement of the Plains Indians opened up new areas for western settlement. The farther west the settlers went, the more they could move their goods to market. -
Period: to
Frederick Jackson Turner Thesis
An american Democracy formed by Frederick Jackson Turner emphasizing the process of moving frontier line and how it affected the pioneers going through the process. -
Stratification of Classes
The division of separate classes whose members have different access to resources and power both economically and politically.
The idea that people are usually born into their class though social mobility caused many social and economic conflicts. -
Why it Failed
Jennings Bryan's, candidate and representative for Populist and Democrat Parties, eventual defeat drove many Populists to abandon them for Democratic or Republican ideals. -
Yellow Journalism
A style of newspaper reporting that emphasized an overwhelming or emotional response over facts. This helped the United States and Spain into war with Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the US acquiring overseas territory. -
Period: to
Spanish American War
The war began as an intervention by the United States on behalf of Cuba when the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines and territory in Cuba during the war. -
Period: to
Open Door Policy
Giving all nations equal rights when trading, especially with China in order to enhance global trade and to promote China's welfare and sovereignty. -
Reforms
New acts such as the Interstate Commerce Act, Sherman Antitrust Act, and reforms in the food and drug laws and railroad sectors were passed during the Progressive Era. -
Phillipines
William McKinley sent a fact-finding commission headed by Schurman to the Phillipines. Filipinos wanted independence, but having had no impact on the policy in place, McKinley sent out the Second Philippine Commission under Taft. -
and City Government
Activists, like Muckrakers, joined efforts to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, etc. -
Muckrakers
A group made to raise awareness of social injustices, inequality, corruption and the abuse of political powe leading tor form programs and acts. -
Period: to
Ford/ Model T/ Assembly Line
Ford's success in mass production of automobiles was the theories of eugenics, Model T was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money and was easy for people to travel, and the Assembly Line reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to two hours and 30 minutes. -
Period: to
WW1 and WW2 Draft Differences
Both drafts in WW2 and WW1 were mandatory with varying levels of volunteerism and pools of veterans. -
Period: to
Post WW1 Attitudes of Americans
With WW2, America ended it's streak of isolationism and began interference and foreign relations. -
Period: to
League of Nations
A few of the world largest world powers work together to gain disarmament, settle disputes between countries, improve global welfare, and prevent war. -
Period: to
1920s Literature
Known as the second renaissance in the history of American Literature, impressionism, Dadaism, and Expressionism were most prevalent, -
Lewis
An American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). -
Terms
In order to enforce the Treaty of Versailles and the other peace agreements that concluded World War the League would replace secret war deals with open diplomacy. -
Period: to
Plessy vs Furguson- Brown vs Board of Education
PvsF: Continued racial segregation laws for public places abiding by the "separate but equal" rule.
BvsBOE: Started of the civil rights movement of the 1950s but represented the fall of segregation. -
Period: to
Mellon Economic Policies
Mellon Plan was economic legislation to reduce taxes on the wealthy businesses and support high tariffs and cuts on government spending and corporate taxes. -
Period: to
Naval Building Limitations
Naval powers hold conferences to discuss navaldisarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. -
Gompers
Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as the organization's president emphasizing harmony among the different craft unions. -
Lost Generation
A group of American writers and poets, some of whom emigrated to Europe. Among them were Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T. S. Elliot. -
Period: to
Scopes Trial and Cultural Conflict
State Of Tennessee vs. Scopes for teaching evolution, which was made illegal by the state's Butler Act. William Jennings Bryant was the prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow defended Scopes. -
Sinclair Lewis
Lewis wrote novels that present a devastating picture of middle-class American life in the 1920s. -
Period: to
Kellogg-Briand Plan
Agreement that states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them." -
Period: to
Hoover Attitude toward Welfare and Handouts
Hoover seemed uncaring toward the common citizen despite his philanthropist and progressive ideals. -
Period: to
Great Depression
Economic slump/ "depression" in North America, Europe, and other industrialized areas of the world leading to unemployment, starvation, homelessness, and bankruptcy. -
Machine Politics
The political belief that an authoritative boss or small group must command the support of a corporation of supporters and other businesses who receive profit from the workers. -
Period: to
1930s Isolationism
Traditional American policy of not engaging in any alliances with other countries and using he Atlantic and Pacific Oceans instead of allies to protect the United States. -
Period: to
Neutrality Acts
These Acts ended the arms embargo and put all trade with foreign nations under “cash-and-carry.” The ban on loans and the barring of America from transporting goods continued. -
Period: to
FDR
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, An American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States -
100 Days Legislation
The first 100 days of FDRs presidency had goals to end the Great Depression that, in his opinion, was due to a massive sell of stocks by Americans. -
Good Neighbor Policy
Got rid of old aggressive and militaristic foreign policy approach to Latin America and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin America, one reason being economic motivation. -
Wagner Act
Created the foundation for the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect the rights of workers to organize, bargain collectively, and strike against injustices. -
and European Debt Issue
Under the Dawes Plan, European countries increased tariffs and the German economy boomed in the 1920s, paying debts and increasing production. -
Court Packing
To increase the size of the Supreme Court and bring in new justices to change the balance of opinion or support in the Court. -
and Consequences
United States Government disapproved and took limited action beyond that disapproval. It also was brought about in Latin America with the Good Neighbor Policy where the United States reduced its military presence in the region and improved relationships with southern neighbors. -
Lend-lease
Government providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during WW2 and authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials approved by Congress. -
and Causes
The memory of tragic losses in World War I and the isolationist movement drew upon history to encourage action. -
Causes
The Stock Market Crash in October of 1929, bank failures, and low incomes among farmers and factory workers were the manicures of the economic depression -
Period: to
WW2
The most widespread and deadliest war in history. More than 30 countries resulted in more than 50 million military and civilian deaths. -
Racism
African-American enlistment was higher than ever before yet the U.S. military was still heavily segregated. Similar situations with Native Americans and Japanese Americans within the US were integrated in job competition and segregation. -
CIO
The American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) improved the lives of people who worked through unions to argue for better working conditions and the best way to get a good job done. -
Reasons Senate Defeated
Senate denied consent to the Treaty of Versailles believing that Wilson personally negotiated the treaty promoting his vision for a system of collective security within the League. -
AFL
To organize skilled workers into national unions with others of a similar trade. It aimed to shorten hours, increase wages, and better working conditions. -
Differences with Hoover
Hoover entered the presidency with an array of programs and reforms designed to address the most important or urgent issues of tat moment but his approach didn't successfully relay the message.
Roosevelt passed many economic legislation during the first hundred days of his administration as part of his New Deal domestic program. -
Immigrants
Restrictive immigration policies led to an increase in the supply of labor, shifting the balance toward employers using cheaper immigrant labor as strikebreakers. This system limited the power of labor unions for protecting immigrants -
Women in he Workforce
Women filled many traditional male jobs during the war and joined the nurse corps and the armed forces so that more men could be sent into combat. -
Japanese Internment Camps
The forced relocation and placement into camps in the interior of the country of anyone with Japanese ancestry. -
Period: to
Truman
American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming that position after Franklin D. Roosevelt's assassination. -
Period: to
Truman
Politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming as president after Franklin D. Roosevelt's assassination. -
Cold War
When Truman believed that he must try to contain the expansion of communism through the Soviet Union across the world. It was ultimately a battle of supremacy between Communism and Anti-Communism. -
Taft Hartley Act
Federal law to prohibit union practices and required improvement in union disclosure for financial and political dealings. -
Berlin Airlift
After Soviet blockade of land routes into West Berlin, called the Berlin Wall, the United States interfered using military aircrafts to airlift food, water, and medicine to the citizens of the Berlin. -
Period: to
1950s
-
Period: to
McCarthyism
Campaign against alleged communists in the US government carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy. Accused people, like artists, teachers, etc. were blacklisted although most were not Communists. -
Economic Boom
Adults of the Fifties had grown up in conditions of economic deprivation due to the unemployment and poverty of the Great Depression and then due to the rationing of consumer goods in WW2. -
Suburbs
Created a new set of values like the vision of the traditional family.
This emphasized three to four children, the traditional femininity, the new gadgets for housework, and the father's role in bringing home the food or meat for hunting. -
Korean War
Communist North Korean crossed the 38th Parallel, thus invading non-Communist South Korea. North Korea, aided by Soviets, led the US to come in and support South Korea. -
Fair Deal
Idea that all Americans should have health insurance, the minimum wage should be increased, and that all Americans be guaranteed equal rights. -
Greece
Truman asked, in the Truman Doctrine, Congress to support the Greek Government against the Communists. -
Republican Congress
He hired old friends and appointed those friends to high positions that seem beyond their abilities within he cabinet. They would aid in secretary and military positions. -
Containment
Ultimately to prevent the spread of communism across the world. A component of the Cold War. This was in response to the Soviet Union's attempts to enlarge its communist control in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. -
Rock and Roll
Allowed artists to speak on political issues and influence government publicly. It helped the Civil Rights Movement as well in helping black artists get played on mainstream radio. -
Period: to
Civil Rights Movement
-
School Desegregation
School desegregation in the United States is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public and private schools. Racial segregation in schools remains a relevant issue in modern education. -
Baby Boom
This epidemic raised the population and economy. However, more children meant teacher and classroom shortage and the overpopulation in schools. -
Domestic Tranquility
Preventing domestic terrorism from both citizens and foreigners and controlling rebellious behavior that threatens national security. -
Period: to
Vietnam
A long, fatal war between communist North Vietnam and its southern allies, Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its ally, the United States. -
Nuclear War Scare
America underwent Nuclear war preparation in which schools issued dog tags to students so that their families could identify their bodies in the event of an attack, provided instructions for building bomb shelters in basements or backyards, and nuclear bomb drills became a routine. -
Consumerism
Consumerism increased due to wartime production carried on by those not fighting in World War II like women and immigrants. -
Period: to
Sputnik
World's first artificial satellite that began the Space Race for superiority between major world powers. -
Period: to
1960s Protests
Protests include the civil rights movement, the student movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, the women’s movement, the gay rights movement, and the environmental movement. -
Martin Luther King
An American Baptist minister and activist, leader in the Civil Rights Movement, and advanced the civil rights movement using nonviolent protest based on his Christian beliefs and ministry background. -
Radical Black Leaders
Influential figures in the Civil Rights Movement fighting for political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights for black people like Rosa Parks, Edgar Nixon, and James Farmer, and many others. -
Sit Ins
Students from across the country came together to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and organize sit-ins at schools like Berkeley and the Greensboro Sit ins in North Carolina. -
Period: to
Cuban Missile Crisis
A dangerous conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War using ABMs for the first time. This was when they came closest to nuclear conflict. -
Period: to
Lyndon Johnson
An American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States who was directly affected by the new generation of anti-war American society. -
March on Washington
A March in Washington DC for Jobs and Freedom that was successful in causing the administration of JFK to enact a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress. -
Johnson
The Vietnam War wouldn't be seen as "Johnson's war" but instead, would determine his foreign policy and overshadow any domestic programs under his presidency. -
Civil Rights
Civil rights acts and labor laws in the US outlaw discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin -
Gulf of Tonkin
Two separate confrontations with North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Thus, improving or increasing the US's role into the war. -
Protests
Protests opposing the Vietnam War in the United States like the Free Speech Movement and Youth International Party led to an overwhelming anti-war idea amongst society and the US government. -
Vietnam
It began with peace activists on college campuses. After the United States began bombing North Vietnam, protests got stronger and became nationwide, especially prevalent in large industrial cities like NYC. -
Women's Movement
A movement focused on reversing and enielating workplace inequality, like denied access to better jobs and salary inequity for women. -
Counter-Culture
Norms of behavior were breaking down among the young or baby boom generation of hippies. These youthful students would become political activists fighting for the civil rights and antiwar movements. -
Great Society
Johnson's idea to uphold civil rights, increase public broadcasting, enact Medicare and Medicaid, aid to education, the arts, urban and rural development, public services, and defeat the "War on Poverty". -
Nixon
Nixon announced an accord, "peace with Honor" to end the Vietnam War. His "Peace with Honor" speech was broadcasted nationally on television. -
Period: to
Tariff of Abominations
A tariff or tax to protect Northern and Western agriculture from foreign imports approved by President John Quincy Adams. Unfortunately, the tax would increase the cost of living in the South and would cut New England industrialists profits/income.
John C. Calhoun created the doctrine of nullification. The doctrine of nullification declared state’s right to reject federal laws within its state.
