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Jamestown
The founding of Jamestown, America's first permanent English colony, in Virginia in 1607, 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts, sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world. The colonies main source of agriculture was tobacco. The head right system was originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. People were granted 50 acres of land. -
Pilgrims/Puritans
Future governor of Plymouth, John Winthrop, stated their purpose quite clearly: "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." The whole colony was made of English colonists who left England to be free from religious persecution. So, their new settlement was made up of religiously tolerant people. The puritans worked extra hard because it brought glory to God. The Mayflower compact was a legal instrument that bound the Pilgrims together when they arrived in New England. -
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The trouble began with a raid by the Doeg Indians. Several of the Doegs were killed in the raid, which began a dispute. The situation became critical when, in a retaliatory strike by the colonists, they attacked the wrong Indians, the Susquehanaugs, which caused large scale Indian raids to begin. Slaves helped fight in the rebellion. -
Mercantilism/ Salutary Act
Salutary Neglect was a long British Policy in the 13 colonies which allowed the colonists to violate the laws associated with trade. This occurred is the 1690's. Salutary Neglect ensured that the America Colonies would remain loyal to the British during the period of expansion in Colonial America. Mercantilism is an economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism. -
Deism
Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind. http://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm -
Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It left a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It was the first major event that all the colonies could share, helping to break down differences between them. Indeed this religious upheaval had marked political consequences. Churches changed because the religion now allowed anyone to be saved from poverty. -
French and Indian
Great expansion of British territorial claims in the New World. But the cost of the war had greatly enlarged Britain's debt. The war generated resentment towards the colonists among English leaders, who were not satisfied with the financial/military help they got from the colonists during the war. The Proclamation Line of 1763 forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. The Stamp Act was the first internal tax directed on colonists by the British government. -
Revolutionary War
The war for American independence from Britain. The fighting began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775, and lasted through the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. The Americans wouldn't have won the ware without the help of the French. The French's Naval fleet helped the colonists defeat the British and become independent. -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is defined as the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. An example of the Declaration of Independence was the document adopted at the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776. -
Articles of Confederation
The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777. . The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent. The present United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789. -
British Violations of Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. Britain wouldn't pull their troops out of America, They also started to impress American sailors near the British coast. -
Land Ordinance of 1785; Land Ordinance of 1787
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. ... The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land, while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 addressed political needs. Gave America its Northwest territories -
Constitution
Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. Major amendments that were added were the 13th, 14th, and 15th. These all helped the African American population. -
Bill of Rights- Purpose and Timing
The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to provide specific freedoms to citizens and limit the power of the government. -
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
The Proclamation of Neutrality was made by U.S. President Washington, declaring the U.S. neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened any American providing help to any country at war. Although the Neutrality Proclamation kept the US out of Europes wars, it did create conflict in the US Government. The supporters of the French had not forgotten the help that France had given to the United States in the War of Independence and wanted to take a less aggressive stance. -
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South. The invention allowed the southern economy to boom and bring in the worlds highest amount of cotton. It also called for much more slaves to produce the cotton. Also the invention of interchangeable parts made it possible for factories to spring up all over the industrial North. -
Washington's Farewell Address
President George Washington decided not to seek re-election for a third term and began drafting this farewell address. In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations. The address was printed in Philadelphia's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796. -
Founding Fathers
Founding Fathers did not anticipate or desire the existence of political parties, viewing them as "factions" dangerous to the public interest. But the first American political parties began to form while George Washington was still president. They were convinced that political parties would only destroy representative government and that there should be no place for parties in American democracy. -
Alien and Sedition Act
A series of laws, passed during the presidency of John Adams at the end of the eighteenth century, that sought to restrict the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adams's Federalist policies. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were statements in which the legislatures said the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. -
Cult of Domesticity
The cult of domesticity, also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an opinion about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things they believed that women should be= More religious then men, Pure in all ways possible, Submissive to their husbands, and that they should stay at home. A widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. -
Election of 1800
The first ever peaceful transition of power after bitterly contested popular elections fought by principled partisans occurred in America, in the “Revolution of 1800,” after elections that gave the Republican party led by Thomas Jefferson control over both the presidency and congress. Both the Republicans and their opponents, the Federalist party, believed that the fundamental principles of democracy were at stake in the conflict between the two parties. -
Laissez faire economics
The driving principle behind laissez-faire, a French term that translates as leave alone, is that the less the government is involved in the economy, the better off business will be – and by extension, society as a whole. Laissez-faire economics are a key part of free market capitalism. Laissez faire is the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government. -
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under the Constitution. the Supreme Court announced for the first time the principle that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it is inconsistent with the Constitution. It was the first Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review", the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. -
Louisiana Purchase
With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, doubling the size of the U.S.. What was known as Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were created from the land deal, which is one of the most important achievements of Jefferson’s presidency. -
Emerson, Cooper and other early 19th century authors
Emerson was an American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. he was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. Most authors of this time would write about the social divide between the North and the South. Especially concerning the issue of slavery. -
Hamiltons Economic Policies
In 1789, Congress created the Department of the Treasury, including the cabinet post of secretary of the Treasury, and required the secretary to report directly to Congress. President George Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton as the first secretary of the Treasury. Wanted high tariffs for the government to make money. Supported the National Bank. Jefferson didn't like anything that Hamilton supported. Jeffersons followers made the Anti- Federalists. Hamiltonians supported the Federalists. -
Lowell System
The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century. The system used domestic labor, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than they could at home, and to live a cultured life in "the city". Their life was very regimented - they lived in company boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a moral code. -
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a military conflict that lasted from June 1812 to February 1815, fought between the United States of America and the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its Native American allies. The immediate causes of the War of 1812 were a series of economic sanctions taken by the British and French against the US as part of the Napoleonic Wars and American outrage at the British practice of impressment, especially after the Chesapeake incident of 1807. -
Hartford Convention
The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them. -
American System/ Clay-Whig policies
The American System was an economic plan that played a role in American policy. Rooted in the ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture".Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the “American System”. -
Compromise of 1820/ Missouri Compromise
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. ... In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This angered the Southerners because they wanted to expand their plantations with the use of more slaves. This brought joy to the North in their efforts to stop slavery. -
Tariff of Abominations/ Nullification Crisis
A protective tariff passed by the U.S. It had high effects on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods. The Nullification Crisis was a fight between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, it declared the 1832 tariff void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. -
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. Stated that that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US. Basically it clarified that the United States was a major world power for the first time. -
Andrew Jackson
The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. He got rid of the Bank of the United States and said that the people should put their money in the Pet Banks scattered across the U.S. The face of the Democratic Party. -
William Lloyd Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator and founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, was one of the most fiery and outspoken abolitionists of the Civil War period. Garrison was a famous American abolitionist, social reformer, and journalist. Garrison was also a voice for the women's suffrage movement. -
Transcendentalism
An idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures. -
Irish Immigration
Immigrants during first half of 1800s - where from, why they came, where they settled, influence. The two main immigrants were the Irish and the Germans. The Irish came in multitudes during the Potato Famine, a time when Ireland's main food source completely became rotten. The Know Nothing Party; whose aim was to keep control of the government in the hands of native-born citizens. -
Mexico
1844 Presidential Election. The United States presidential election of 1844 saw Democrat James Knox Polk defeat Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed. When Texas was annexed it began to intermingle with Mexico. Soon there were more Americans then Mexicans in the area and the Mexican-American War began. The end of this war granted an extreme amount of land to the U.S. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny is the belief that Americans had the right to expand westward across the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Democrats and Republicans as well – believed that the United States was destined to build a nation that would reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Many Whigs opposed annexing Texas, going to war with Mexico and maltreatment of Native Americans. Others feared that too much expansion would make the practice of self-government too difficult for the United States. -
TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U.S. to pay $15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, ownership of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado. -
Seneca Falls Convention
July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". -
Popular Sovereignty
Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people's rule, is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. It was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories. -
Compromise of 1850
Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Furthermore, California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government was created in Utah. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´. This is a great example of popular sovereignty. -
Dred Scott Case
A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The court decision was handed down by The Supreme Court and ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court. -
John Brown
John Brown was an American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. He attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory. The north thought that he was a hero while the south looked at him as a mad man. -
Lincoln/Republican policy on Slavery in 1860
The Republican Party platform stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any further into the territories. The Republicans also promised to support tariffs that protected Northern industry, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and the funding of a transcontinental railroad. Lincoln is the face of the Republican party and stated that the United States could not move further and unite unless it abolished slavery. -
Civil War
The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories. While most of the battles were fought in there South, The North had a major advantage in population, firepower, and allies. The civil war made the South completely destroyed which called for the Reconstruction Period. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued on January 1, 1863, by President Lincoln freeing slaves in all portions of the United States. Lincoln's intention to issue the proclamation was first announced after the Union victory at Antietam in 1862. Meant as a weapon of war, the proclamation formerly made emancipation a goal of the war, thereby preventing the South from gaining diplomatic or military support from Europe, where slavery was increasingly condemned. -
Post Civil War southern society
The northern union decided to put in place military police in the south to keep them in check. Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. It caused many southerners to go into debt. Black codes were put in place to restrict African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
Transcontinental Rail Road
A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah. A contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. It charged farmers insane amounts. -
Gilded Age business cycles
In 1860, the nation's total wealth was $16 billion; by 1900, it was $88 billion. This translated into a per capita increase from $500 to $1100. Driving this growth was an explosion in American manufacturing—in 1869, the manufacturing sector of the economy generated $3 billion, a figure which rose to $13 billion by 1900. This was accompanied by an increase in America's labor force from 13 million to 19 million people. -
Social Darwinism
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. -
Republican Reconstruction
They wanted revenge among some to punish the South for causing the war. Some believed that the federal government had a role to play in the transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom. the Radicals wanted to keep the Republican Party in power in both the North and the South. The results of the election remain among the most disputed ever, although it is not disputed that Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote. -
Southern and Eastern European immigrants
Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe continued coming as they had for three centuries, but in decreasing numbers. After the 1880s, immigrants increasingly came from Eastern and Southern European countries, as well as Canada and Latin America. Laws were made to decrease the number of immigrants to the United States from these areas of Europe. Intense racism towards there ethnic groups grew intensely. -
Dawes Act
A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing. The Natives were given this land on preservations. Despite intending to expand property ownership for Native Americans, the Dawes Act of 1887 failed to establish positive changes, and met resistance from Native Americans. -
Gospel of Wealth
Gospel of Wealth an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. It was made to show the wealthy that instead of giving their money down through the generations, they should give their money to charities after they die. Carnegie was a huge industry tycoon working with steel. He donated all of his money to social charities that would better the community. -
Progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution. -
Growth of the Cities
The growth of cities expanded tremendously in this time period. The sporadic pop ups of industries were causing migrations of people into the big cities. The need for social sanitation and other social services was great. Industrial expansion and population growth radically changed the face of the nation's cities. Noise, traffic jams, slums, air pollution, and sanitation and health problems became commonplace. -
Sherman Anti Trust Act
After failing to curb trusts on the state level, reformers finally moved Congress to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. An act passed in 1890 which prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce. First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions -
Populism
The Populists or People's Party burst onto the political stage in the election of 1892. They supported increasing the power of the working class and the farmers against the interests of the wealthy, who were more politically powerful– even before 19892, money was the lifeblood of politics. Populist movements were biracial, southerners felt threatened by black power, push harder to limit political rights future democratic reforms: income tax, direct election of senators, secret ballot -
Fredrick Jackson Turner Thesis
The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process. This sparked the movement of people into the West. States like California started up cities which would become major hubs for American civilization in the future. -
Plessy v Ferguson - Brown v Board of Education
Plessy v Ferguson was a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal". Brown v Board of Education was a decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment. -
Labor Unions
Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages. Wagner Act. President Roosevelt signs into law the National Labor Relations Act, known as the Wagner Act. The law safeguards union organizing efforts and authorizes the National Labor Relations Board to assure fairness in union elections and during collective bargaining with employers. -
Spanish American War
Spanish-American War definition. A war between Spain and the United States, fought in 1898. The war began as an intervention by the United States on behalf of Cuba. The United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the war and gained temporary control over Cuba. Teddy Roosevelt led the war with the Rough Riders. They dominated the Spaniards. -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers. The importance of the Open Door Policy was that it proposed an open and free market for all interested nations with regard to trade with China. -
Titans of Industry
America at the beginning of the 20th century was dominated by the rise of business titans who accumulated unprecedented wealth. Admired by some for their successful methods and vilified by others for their apparent rapaciousness , few were more famous than Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller. -
Fredrick Douglas compared to Du Bois
Douglas was an American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. Du Bois was the 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 -
Ford Model T and Assembly line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. This made the making of products much quicker and more efficient. It lowered the cost of most items for sale. The Ford model T was one of the first production automobiles and changed American society. It was cheap and easily available for most Americans. It caused for roads and streets to be built. -
World War 2 Draft and Differences from WW1 draft
On May 18, 1917, the Selective Service Act was passed authorizing the President to increase temporarily the military establishment of the United States. The Selective Service System, under the office of the Provost Marshal General, was responsible for the process of selecting men for induction into the military service, from the initial registration to the actual delivery of men to military training camps. -
1920's Literature
The lost generations was group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe. -
Post WW1 attitude of Americans
People are coming back from WW1 and now many people are unemployed do to original workers coming back from the war. Women were the mains ones effected by this unemployment. People were glad that the veterans were home from war but many people were put out of work due to men coming back home and getting the jobs they previously had. -
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. It was made after WW1 and how most of the world powers did not want another world war. The peacekeeping powers that this had very little actual power. -
Scopes Trial and cultural conflict
1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. This occurred in Tennessee were religion was very popular. So when the teacher went against the grain of religion, he was scolded. -
Mellon Economic Policies
This was a series of tax reforms which reduced the amount of taxes the wealthy had to pay. The Mellon Plan was economic legislation passed by Congress in 1924 reducing taxes on the wealthy and businesses, advocating high tariffs and cuts in government spending and corporate taxes. -
Kellog-Braind Pact
1928 15 nations agree to settle conflict peacefully and renounced war as instrument of national policy. US sec of state Kellogg and French foreign minister Briand = sponsors. Failed to provide measures of enforcement thus effectiveness was vitiated. Ultimately meaningless, esp. as nations adoptd practice of waging undeclared wars. -
Hoover's attitude toward welfare and handouts
Hoover founded government agencies, encouraged labor harmony, supported local aid for public works, fostered cooperation between government and business in order to stabilize prices, and struggled to balance the budget. His work focused on indirect relief from individual states and the private sector, as reflected in this letter’s emphasis on “support[ing] each state committee more effectively” and volunteerism—“appeal[ing] for funds” from outside the government. -
Great Depression
starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting. -
1930's Isolationism
During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism. They did not want to interfere with other countries in hope of not going into another war. -
Naval Building Limitations
After World War I, fear that an unrestrained naval race would lead to another world war, the corollary hope that arms limitation would ensure peace, and the demand for domestic economy combined to generate the pressures and incentives that led to the Washington Conference of 1921–22, the most ambitious pre‐nuclear effort to limit arms in the history of the United States -
FDR
Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms. First 100 days were extremely productive. Tried to replace the Supreme Court with people of his political party but it got shut down. The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt towards Latin America. -
Neutrality Acts
Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. -
World War 2
(1939-1945) The most destructive conflict in history in which an estimated 70 million were killed. Hitler launched this war in Europe by invading Poland in 1939. The United States got involved when Japan attacked pearl harbor. The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. -
Truman
the fair deal was an economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress. The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. 1950-1953. Containment was meant to keep all communist nations from spreading into other nations. -
1950's
the baby boom was a cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility. Consumerism was a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers. -
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. -
Civil Rights Movement
a social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts. rosa parks montgomery bus boycott -
Vietnam
a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. The gulf of Tonkin in 1964 was Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam -
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. -
1960's Protests
Protests in the 1960s. These movements include the civil rights movement, the student movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, the women's movement, the gay rights movement, and the environmental movement. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba -
Lyndon Johnson
1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. Great Civil rights activist.
