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The Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were the embodiment of England's growing control over the Colonies, placing strict restrictions on trade and eventually becoming the center of America's foreign market. These Acts required that goods were only shipped on English ships, trade was mostly exclusive to England, and that imported English goods went through English ports first. This monopoly made to ensure England's benefit only made the colonists resent their mother country over time, fueling the revolution. -
The Great Awakening
Marking the revival of passion within Christianity in the English colonies, The Great Awakening served as a religious reform. As the churches became overly structured, focusing on strict conformation rather than personal relationships with God, attendance plummeted. This dip in nationalism and religious fire led figures such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield to emerge, paving the way for a new sense of religious liberty, eventually acting as a catalyst for the American Revolution. -
The Proclamation of 1763
In an attempt to restrict westward expansion, the British implemented the Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting colonial settlement West of the Appalachian Mountains.The British feared that If the colonists were to migrate, they could become economically independent through expanded agriculture and would detach themselves from the monopoly that is Great Britain.They were also motivated by the fact that the newly gained land had pre-established French and Indian people, which would lead to conflicts. -
The Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a direct response from colonists regarding the recent taxes implemented by the British, specifically taxes on tea, and displays the rise of British control on America. In this act, colonists dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The colonists were tired of being taxed without representation in Congress and this "defiance" led to the Intolerable acts, which united the colonists even more and led them to create the First Continental Congress. -
The Intolerable Acts
In response to colonial rebellion and an economic war with the colonists, England reinforced their already resented acts such as the Sugar, Quartering, and Stamp Act.The Intolerable Acts closed the port of Boston and outlawed assemblies, taking control of the colonial government and messing up trade systems. They also enforced the Quartering Act, implemented high taxes, and regulated colonial trade. This contributed to America's push for independence and their growing rebellion towards England. -
The First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress was the first form of national government that tried to resolve issues for the better of the colonies. This session followed the Intolerable Acts and was a direct attempt to defy the British's control and presence in the colonies. The assembly produced claims for life, liberty, and property, making an agreement to boycott British goods and draft a petition to the King of England. This Congress united the colonies and represented their growing independence. -
The Battle of Lexington and Concord
The Battle of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of Americas fight for independence against the British and when they won, they gained the unfailing support of many more American people that were willing to fight.This battle was prompted after the British implemented oppressive taxes on the colonies and failed to have a fair representation of them in Parliament.This Battle, fought in Massachusetts, demonstrated to the British that the colonies will not stand for unjust treatment. -
The Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was the gathering of delegates from the American colonies that supported the fight for Independence. It's at this Congress where the Continental Army was established and the Olive Branch Petition was drafted, contributing to the repeated efforts by the colonists to gain independence. This Congress would go on to draft the Articles of Confederation, the Deceleration of Independence, and justify the colonial right to take up arms and fight back. -
Drafting of the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was drafted by the Second Continental Congress-specifically Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin-and outlined the detachment of the Colonies from British rule.It mentioned the philosophical principles valued in the Colonies, the grievances they experienced, and finally the deceleration of separation.This declaration eventually led to the American Revolution and allowed America to expand their international relationships, strengthening their nation. -
Battle at Saratoga
The Battle at Saratoga was a severe turning point in the Revolutionary War as it boosted American morale and helped secure the American-France alliance. This victory ended General John Burgoyne's pursuit of the Hudson River Valley and showed France that the Continental Army could hold their own against the British, and were worth investing in. This foreign alliance provided weapons, troops, and naval support to the troops, acting as the final push to winning the Revolutionary War. -
Articles of Confederation
Drafted by the Second Continental Congress during the Revolutionary War, this document outlined the first U.S. government as they gained independence from Britain. These articles covered topics such as the powers and limits of Congress, structure of government, and more.They failed however, to establish central authority and led to financial issues. Although these articles were weak, they were a step towards self-governing and showcase the colonist's growing objection towards the British's rule. -
Winter at Valley Forge
The Winter at Valley Forge refers to the winter encampment of George Washington and his soldiers in the midst of the Revolutionary War. Soldiers endured harsh conditions with freezing temperatures, disease, and a lack of food. In the end, this experience strengthened the Continental Army and the new fighting tactics, drilled by Baron von Steuben, helped boost morale in the war effort. This acted as a turning point in the war after the American troops' low morale due to a series of losses. -
Shay's Rebellion
After the Articles of Confederation came into place, following America's independence, Daniel Shays and his armed group led a revolt over issues such as economic hardships post-Revolutionary War, high taxes, and an aggressive debt collection system. These issues pertained mostly to farmers and acted as a demonstration of how the Articles governed the American people, highlighting its weaknesses. Following this revolt, a better and stronger system of government was searched for and implemented. -
Drafting of the Constitution
The Constitution was drafted during the Constitutional Convention where 12 American states met up to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and create a stronger government.The Constitution is the most important document in American history and still stands today.It outlines federal structure, the three branches of government, flexibility, and a balance of power.This unified the nation, strengthened the economy, and improved the overall system of government in the fresh America. -
Washington's Inauguration
The whole process of George Washington being elected unanimously by the American people and his Inauguration set the stage for all future presidents and the process of presidents, as he was the first one. This new system of governing showcased unity after the Revolutionary War, the new acceptance of the Constitution, and the idea of a presidential election. Washington set multiple precedents during his Inauguration such as an oath on the bible, an Inauguration speech, and the idea of a cabinet. -
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Being Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton devised a financial plan that was projected to strengthen and grow the nations economy, and build public credit. His plan had three main parts: assumption of state debts, formation of a national bank, and tariffs on imported goods to promote American industries. With this, America grew economically through national credit, trade, and unity under the debt assumption.This plan did however increase political divisions and tension. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights refers to the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution and serves to address a wide variety of national concerns that came along with the new government. Drafted by James Madison, the Bill of Rights outlines individual freedoms and liberties, set the due process for law, and reserved all powers not given to the federal government to the states and American people. These amendments helped settle national concerns and debates over power and how to govern American. -
The Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney, revolutionized cotton production in America as it allowed cotton to be spun and separated quickly, a process that would otherwise take long and be tedious. This invention and revelation increased cotton production, making it extremely profitable and fueling the Southern economy. This however, caused a rise in Southern demand for slave labor, spreading slavery and deepening sectional divides that would lead to the Civil War. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
The Alien and Sedition Acts were a set of laws implemented by the Federalist-controlled Congress during John Adam's Presidency.These laws were an attempt to strengthen the security of America during conflict with France.The acts included lengthening the citizenship requirement, deporting non-citizens with/without trial, and the forbidding of "anti-government" writings.These acts spread fear among America with the feeling that their freedoms were being taken away and deepened political divisions. -
The Revolution of 1800
The Revolution of 1800 refers to the election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams in which the Federalist dominance ended and the Democratic-Republic power began to rise, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between two political parties. This election revealed issues within the electoral college, leading to the 12th amendments, and validated the current democratic governing system within America. This transfer would go on to act as the precedent for all future peaceful elections. -
Creation of Interchangeable parts
Created by Eli Whitney, interchangeable parts revolutionized America in manufacturing and technological advances. Instead of making unique pieces individually, they could now be mass-produced, allowing items to be made/fixed quicker and more efficiently. This production development helped spur the Industrial Revolution and set the base for the mass-producing manufacturing system that is currently in place. This invention boosted the economy and transformed America into an industrial powerhouse. -
Marbury v. Madison
When ChiefJustice John Marshall ruled that although William Marbury had the right to his commission, the court did not have the jurisdiction to enforce it under the Judiciary Act of 1789 as it was deemed unconstitutional, the idea of judicial review was created. This allowed the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional, strengthening their branch of government, validating their role, and allowing them to fully interpret the Constitution- which made certain cases more clear and concrete. -
The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was the purchase of land from France in which America gained 828,000 square miles of territory for $15 million dollars. This doubled the size of the nation, secured the control of the Mississippi River, and opened up opportunities for westward expansion. This decision, made by Thomas Jefferson, was questioned over its constitutionality, but was ultimately celebrated for transforming the nation, leading to great economic and territorial growth. -
Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark expedition refers to the mapping and exploration of the newly gained lands from the Louisiana Purchase. In this expedition, commissioned by Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark established relations with Native Americans and provided information on the land regarding geography, science, and culture. This strengthened the U.S. claims to the western land and opened up new opportunities, marking the beginning of westward expansion and making the nation transcontinental. -
The Embargo Act of 1807
In response to British and French interference with American trade during the Napoleonic Wars, including the impressment of sailors by the British, Thomas Jefferson signed this act into effect. The purpose was to prohibit American ships from trading with foreign nations, putting pressure on them, specifically Britain and France, economically. This act backfired and severely damaged the U.S. economy, specifically in trade-dependent regions, causing tension, and contributing to the War of 1812. -
The Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans marked the final battle of the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson and fought against the British due to the British attempt at captures New Orleans, a vital port city and a long a critical trade route. Jackson's well-organized defensive strategies helped secure the American victory against numerical odds. This victory had no effect on the end of the war but served to boost American morale, strengthen unity, and ensured American control over the Mississippi River. -
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was the resolution of debates over states joining the Union as a free versus slave state. The compromise allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state while Maine entered as a a free state, maintaining a balance of power in Congress. It also established the 36°30' parallel, dividing future territories into free and slave regions. This eased tensions in America temporarily but intensified the debate over slavery's expansion, eventually leading to the Civil War. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine, established by President James Monroe, warned European nations against further colonization or interference with America in return for the U.S. promising to stay out of European affairs. This enforced American domination of the Western Hemisphere and aimed to prevent further European control near America. This shaped foreign policy, reinforced U.S. dominance, and fueled the idea of expansion. It acted as a representation of future global influence and confidence. -
Completion of the Eerie Canal
The Eerie Canal was a major engineering feat that connected the Hudson River to Lake Eerie, opening up a water route from New York City to the Great Lakes. This revolutionized transportation and trade, reducing costs and travel time significantly. This contributed to westward expansion and boosted America's economy as goods were shipped more quickly and efficiently. This canal played a key role in the Industrial Revolution and contributed to the growth of the nationwide market economy. -
The Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act- signed by Andrew Jackson- forced the relocation of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to the west of the River. This was a reflection of America's urge for expansion and opening up land for white settlers, promoting economic growth. This act led to the suffering and deaths of many Natives, and the Trail of Tears, which refers to the Cherokees' route after being forcibly moved. This was a dark chapter that negatively affect the lives of Native Americans. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's Rebellion refers to the violent slave uprising, led by Nat Turner, who believed he was chosen by God to lead this revolt against slavery. The rebellion led to the death of 60 white people and received harsh suppression with many black people being executed in response.The rebellion fueled the white's fear of slave rebellion, leading to harsher slave laws and an increase of restrictions, especially in the South.It fueled the abolitionist movement and divided the nation. -
The Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis refers to the political conflict between South Carolina and the government over tariffs.John C. Calhoun led South Carolina in arguing that the states had the right to nullify any law they deemed unconstitutional, leading the state to declare the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void.Andrew Jackson responded with military while Congress passed a compromise, highlighting the tension between the states and the federal government over rights, leading to the Civil War. -
Invention of the Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph completely revolutionized long-distance communication, allowing messages to be sent more quickly and across long distances. The telegraph helped the formation and growth of business, journalism, and communication, promoting economic growth. It also played a key role in the exchange of crucial information during the Civil War. It laid the groundwork for future communication technologies, transforming the way people interacted and shaping modern society. -
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears refers to the forced relocation of Cherokee Indians and other Native American tribes from their ancestral grounds in the Southeastern U.S. to designated Indian Territory. This was the direct affect of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, signed by Andrew Jackson. Thousands of Native Americans died to disease, exposure, and starvation during this journey.The Trail of Tears represents the governments brutal treatment of Native Americans and their dismissal of their culture and peace. -
California Gold Rush
The California gold rush refers to when gold was discovered in the newly gained California area, causing people to swarm the area in hopes of a newfound fortune and life. Gold drew more than 300,00 people and left a lasting impact by encouraging great industrial and agricultural development through economic growth and contributing to California's transition to statehood in the Compromise of 1850. The gold brought substantial wealth to the now bi-coastal nation and stimulated industries. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo marked the end of the Mexican-American war with Mexico ceding over 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. In exchange, the U.S. payed Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million Mexican debts. This land exchange expanded the United States, making it a bi-coastal nation, promoting the idea of Manifest Destiny and economic growth. -
The Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 allowed Texas to surrender its claims to present-day New Mexico and other states in exchange for the federal assumption of its debts. California was also admitted as a free state while the remaining areas of the Mexican Cession were organized into New Mexico and Utah Territory. The act also called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC, amended the Fugitive Slave Act, and allowed slavery to be decided by popular Sovereignty, pushing the nation against slavery. -
Publishing of Uncle Tom's Cabin
In Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe shared ideas about the injustices of slavery, contrasting national beliefs and bringing awareness to the abuse slaves faced. Harriet describes the physical and emotional capacities of black people, acting as a voice in the abolitionist movement, and pushing the nation closer to abolishing slavery. It also acted as a catalyst for the Civil War as it represented the uprising of the fight for equality, deepening divisions within the nation. -
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had outlawed slavery about the 36°30' latitude and reopened the struggle surrounding slavery in the western territories. This act stipulated that the regions West of Missouri and Iowa would be organized into two territories and that the issue of slavery would be left to the people residing in those regions.This idea of popular sovereignty led to violence in Kansas as southerners were committed to making sure slavery pertained. -
Dredd Scott Decision
The Dredd Scott Decision refers to the Supreme Court decision that ultimately ruled that if a slave was to be brought to a free state by their master, they would not be thought of as free. It ruled that enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and therefore would not be federally protected, causing a rise and allowance of African American abuse and slavery. This act essentially dissolved the meaning of free states upheld slavery in the United States, deepening sectional divides. -
The Election of Abraham Lincoln
The election of Abraham Lincoln marked a turning point in American history as Lincoln was openly anti-slavery, a Republican, and appealed to Northern voters.His won with 40% of the popular vote as the Democratic party split, prompting the outrage of Southern states and causing the secession of South Carolina. South Carolina led the other Southern states to also secede, setting the stage for civil war and causing the nation to become that much more divided over state sovereignty and slavery. -
John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry
John Brown's Raid refers to when John Brown and his armed abolitionist group attempted to seize the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry. Their goal was to spark slavery revolt and uprising by distributing the seized weapons to enslaved people. The raid failed and Brown was captured by U.S. Marines, led by Robert E. Lee, and tried for treason, ending in his execution. The raid deepened the nations divide over slavery, causing tensions to rise, eventually leading to the Civil War. -
The Homestead Act
The Homestead act played a crucial role in westward expansion as it offered 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee in exchange for them improving the land and stimulating the economy.This idea attracted millions of Americans and immigrants, promoting agricultural development and the settlement of the West. The act also displaced Native Americans, reducing their access to ancestral lands. It established small farms and expanded the U.S. but settlers often faced great adversity. -
The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the most important battles of the Civil War, fought between General Meade's Union forces and General Lee's Confederate forces. Lee wanted to invade the North, putting pressure on Union leaders to negotiate peace, and after three days of fighting, Lee's army retreated.This marked an important Union victory, causing Confederate momentum to come to a stop and boosting Union morale. It was one of the bloodiest battles and contributed to the Gettysburg Address. -
The Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by President Abraham Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation declared that all salves within Southern states would now be free and that freed slaves could enlist in the Union Army, increasing their manpower. This paved the way for abolition in America and acted as one of the first major steps that would end the slavery in America.The Union's army also gained more and more passion and they collected freed people, the ones fighting for their freedom and the underlying cause of the Civil War. -
The 13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment was responsible for abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude in the U.S., except as punishment for a crime.This marked a pivotal moment in American history as the once extremely controversial and abusive system that ran the Nation was now officially over.This also acted as the "end" of the Civil War and laid the foundation for all future civil rights advancements. It also highlighted the continuous fight for racial equality and the ongoing struggle for African Americans. -
The Reconstruction Acts
After the Civil War, the Southern economy was in ruins and the entire structure of the South's way of life was dissolved, causing Reconstruction to be a necessity.The Reconstruction Acts included three main provisions: all Southern states be put into a military occupation district, each state ratify the 13th and 14th amendments, and each state create a new constitution that aligned with anti-slavery. These acts paved the way towards abolition and set the stage for the future of America. -
Completion of the Transcontinental Railway
The Transcontinental Railway, formed by the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad companies, was organized by Abraham Lincoln through the Pacific Railway Act. This completion completely transformed the nation and made the bi-coastal system useful, allowing goods/food/animals/weapons to be shipped very efficiently and more quickly. This marked a historical milestone as it was an engineering feat, provided land to many through federal funding, and united the nation. -
The Battle of Little Bighorn
The Battle of Little Bighorn refers to the battle between the U.S. army and a coalition of Native Americans tribes, mostly the Sioux, Cheyanne, and Arapaho. The Natives were led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and came out on top due to their knowledge of the land and the Unites States' troops underestimating them and their numbers. Over 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and this Native victory ended up increasing military control over Natives, ending to their eventual defeat. -
The Assimilation of Native Americans
The Dawes Act was an attempt to assimilate Native Americans into American society by allotting tribal lands to Native families to promote farming, splitting up communal tribes and their customs. This act was intended to encourage self-sufficiency and independence but it undermined Native American culture, reducing their land by millions of acres, and caused them to lose their autonomy completely. It accelerated westward expansion but caused long-term harm to Native American tribes.