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John Marshall
-Fletcher v. Peck
-marshall held and grant valid contract
-no repealed corruption involved
-Dartmouth College v Woodward
-legislature unconsant violated college's contract
-placed important restrictions on ability state gvts to control corporations
-Cohens v. Virginia
- affirmed constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions
-McCulloch v. Maryland: confirmed the implied powers congress by upholding the constition US bank -
Steamship/Fulton's Clemont 1806 revolutionizes transport
-stimulated agricultural economy
-west and the south
-providing easier access to markets
-reduced cost enabled eastern manufacturers to send finished goods west more easily -
National Road (1807-1818)
-construction National Road began 1811 at MD on Otomac
- 1818: highway wi/ crushed stone surface & massive stone bridges from VA on ohio river
-PA gave $100,000 to private company to extend Lancaster pike westward to pittsburgh over both roads
-traffic moved all kinds of vehicles despite high tolls
-the roads made transportation costs across mountain lower than ever before. -
Four Reasons for westward expansion after War of 1812
1) population pressures
-agricultural lands east were by now largely occupied
-some of them exhausted
2) economic pressures
-south spared plantation system
-slave labor force limited new settlers
3) west becoming more attractive to white settlers
-war helped diminish native american opposition
4) federal goverment continued policy pushing remaining tribes farther
- farther west -
Spread of cotton, plantations, slavery into “Black Belt” of Alabama & Miss.
-vast prairie w/ a dark, productive soil of rotted limestone
-first arrivals ordinary farmers
-then wealthier planters that bought up the cleared land
-original settlers moved farther west
-started over again
-new agricultural economy emerging south -
Admission of new states: Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama
-part of westward expansion in the south
-growth of agricultural economy
-expansion of slaves, cotton, & white settlers
mississippi & alabama: black belt
-increase plantations & developoment of uncultivated land -
Effects of end of War of 1812 on manufacturing, esp. textile industry
-textile industry experienced dramatic growth
-embargo act & war of 1812 =tremendous expansion
-Boston merchant Francis Cabott Lowell = developed power loom
-better than its english counterpart 1813
-established Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham, MA,
- founded 1st mill in america carry on processes of spinning & weaving under single roof -
Second Bank of the United States
-founded in 1791 except had more capital than predecessor
-no forbid state banks from issuing currency
-size & power enabled to dominate state banks
-compel them to issue only sound notes
-risk being forced out of business
-same institution hamilton -
Tariff Bill 1816
-limited competition abroad on wide range items
-cotton cloth objections from agricultural interests
-pay higher prices for manufactured goods
-south nationalist dream of creating an important american industrial economy prevailed north -
Era of Good Feelings: 1816 election of Monroe; 1820 re-elected
-expansion economy
-growth white settlement & trade in west
-creation of new states
-reflected rising spirit of antionalism
-permeating the US whichever divisions & agreements existed within american society
-found little expression nation's political life party competition virtually disappeared
-james monroe elected twice almost by acclamation -
Madison’s 1817 veto of Calhoun’s Internal Improvements Bill & why Erie Canal
-madison called attention congress to great importance
-established throughout country roads & canals
-best executed under national authority
-calhoun introduced bill that would used funds owed the goverment
-bank of the US finance internal improvements
-madison supported purpose of bill
-believed congress lacked authority to fund improvements w/o a constitutional amendment
-resulted in state gvts & private enterprise -
1818 First Seminole War / Andrew Jackson & John Quincy Adam’s roles
-Andrew Jackson took american troops w/ florida frontier
-Adopted necessary measures to put stop to continuing raids on american territory by seminole indians
-adams urged goverment to assume complete responsibilty
-it showed right under int law to defend itself against threats from acorss its borders
-jackson's raid demonstrated america could easily take FL by force
- little choice but to come to terms with them -
Recommendation of expeditions by Pike & Stephen Long on potential settlement of lands between Missouri R. & Rocky Mts./ its effect
-Stephen H. Long led soliders up platte & south platte rivers of nebraska & eastern colorado
-find sources of red river
-he failed to find the headwaters of red river
-wrote an influential report
-assessment of the region's potential for future settlement
-development echoed dimissive conclusions of zebulon pike 15 years before -
1819 Adams-Onis Treaty (Spain cedes FL), especially terms & effect.
-US gave up claims to TX
-Spain gave FL & possessions in pacific NW
-adams and onis concluded transcontinental treaty
-jackson's raid showed america's power
-ability to take FL by force
-Spain didn't give it up to Americans -
Panic of 1819 (causes, effects, role of Second National Bank of U.S.)
-new management national bank began tightening credit
-calling in loans
-foreclosing mortgages
-new governors of bank also collected state bank notes
-demanded payment in cash from banks
-no meet demand
-failed bank failures launched financial panic
-americans blamed US bank
-prices manufactured goods & agriculture produce fell rapidly -
Missouri Compromise of 1820
-Jesse B. Thomas senator illinois
-proposed amendment prohibiting slavery LA
-purchase territory north of southern boundary of missouri
-Maine would admitted as a free state
-Missouri slave state
-debate over misouri revealed a strong undercurrent of sectionalism that competing w/ powerful nationalism -
Role of fur trading companies in West, incl. John Jacob Astor/American Fur Co., Andrew & William Ashley/Rocky Mt. Fur Co; rendezvous
-andrew and william ashley founded rocky mountains fur company
-recruited white trappers move permanently into rocky mountains
-search of furs
-becoming scarce farther east mts
-men closely bound up w/ expanding US market economy
-trappersfirst wedge white movement into lands
-ultimatey dominate the region & transform it
-developed important relationships w/ indian &mexican ppl
-altering the character of society -
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
-asserted nationalism foreign policy
-Monroe established diplomatic relations w/ chile, peru, colombia, and mexico
- making US 1st country to recognize them
-doctrine expression of the growing spirit of nationalism in the US
-expression of concern about forces
-already gathering to threaten that spirit established idea of american hegemony in western hemisphere
-US govermens would invoke justify policies in latin america -
John Marshall continue
-1824
-Gibbons v. Ogden
-court strengthened congress's power
-regulate interstate commerce
marshall replied that commerce broad term embracing navigation
-buying & selling of goods
- claimed that the power of congress to regulate such commerce was complete
-might be exercised to full extent
-ogden's state granted monopoly void it
-freed transportation system from restraints
-states & helped pave way for unfettered capitalist -
1824 Election of John Quincy Adams
-Clay out of running
-37 supporters house
-adams, crawford, and jackson all wooed vote
-crawford was out since he suffering from a disease
-jackson was clay's most dangerous political rival
-he wasn't friends with adams
-adams was an ardent nationalist
-ikely supporter of Clay's american system
-House elected him as new president adams
-announced that clay secretary of state jacksonians
-corrupt bargain between the two -
John Quincy Adam’s presidency Continue
-Georgia’s Indian removal
-adams believed new treaty
-william mcintosh had no legal force
-mcintosh no represent the wishes of tribe
-he refused to enforce treaty governor of GA
-defied president
-proceeded w/ plans for indian removal
-in 1827: Creeks succumed pressure from GA
-agreed to still another treaty: yielded their land -
John Quincy Adam’s presidency
-National Road expansion
-won several million dollars
-improve rivers & harbors
-extend national road westward from wheeling
-fate of Adam’s other internal improvements
-appointed delegates to an international conference
-simon bolivar called in panama
-southerners opposed the idea of white americans mingling w/ black delegates from haiti
-supporters jackson charged
-adams intended to sacrifice american interests
-involve the nation in an entangling alliance -
Tariff of Abominations
demands of MA & RI woolen manufacturers
-complained british were dumping textiles on american market
-prices with domestic mill owners no compete won support from middle & western state
-cost of provisions antagonized original new england supporters of the bill
-western provisions placed high duties on woolens & items
-west produced would lose support if he signed or vetoed it
-he signed it
-earned animosity of southernrs -
Re-emergence of two-party system in 1828 presidential election
-Adams: Nationa rep who supported economic nationalism of preceding years
-Jackson: Democratic Rep called for assault privilege
-widening of oportunity
-Adams attracted support from Federals while Jackson appealed to broad coalition that opposed economic aristocracy
-Jackson's victory was decisive
-sectional : champion of democracy would occupy white house
-restore liberty to people
-economy a new era of democracy
-era of the common man -
1828 Presidential election campaign of personal invective; sectional results.
-jackson: 56% of popular vote
-electoral majority of 178 to 83
-adams swept virtually all of new england
-adam showed significant strength in the mid-atlantic region nevertheless
-jacksonians considered victory complete & important as jefferson's in 1800
-america had entered a new era of democracy
-the era of the common man