-
- exchange of people + goods in N+W Africa + Europe
- European exploitation of Africa + Africans*
-
- exchange of disease, people, and goods between Old + New Worlds
- disease killed most Natives
- brought economic prosperity to Europe*
-
- arrived in N America + claimed Caribbean
- made profit for Spain
- first European to come to Americas*
-
- Spain = W (all of Americas)
- Portugal = E
- decided by Pope
-
- moved Line of Demarcation a little to the left
- Portugal got E Brazil
-
- reaches Middle East
- profit off of international trade
- use of trading posts + trade of enslaved people*
-
- plantation system
- use of African enslaved people’s labor to replace Native’s*
-
- European disease had killed most Natives
- united 5 tribes… strength in #s
- exploited by French*
-
- Spanish royalty granted conquistadores land w/ its inhabitants
- exploitation of Natives for European profit*
-
- division of Christianity … Schism (1054)
- separation from Roman Catholic Church
- creation of Protestant Church + Counter-Reformation*
-
- Spanish invasion of evolved Aztec empire
- took advantage of developed trade routes + food
- Spanish colonization of American territory*
-
- god, gold, glory
- first European settlement in Americas*
-
- Spanish colonization
- expansion of colonization in Americas
-
- purify Anglican Church
- stay apart of Catholicism
- Plymouth = Puritan*
-
- “Lost Colony”
- failed
- first attempt at English settlement in N America*
-
- gold + tobacco
- House of Burgesses
- first English royal colony in Americas*
- John Smith: "no work, no food"
- cash crops
-
- French Canada
- fur trade
- Jesuit conversion
-
- elected officials to govern colonies
- first colonial gov*
- VA
-
- Chesapeake
- tobacco
-
- Chesapeake
- enslaved Africans are brought to VA + MD*
- rise of cash crops*
-
- Puritan Pilgrims settlement
- first NE colony
-
- Plymouth = self-governing
- Puritans seeking freedom
-
- Puritans fleeing religious persecution in England
- founding of Plymouth, MA Bay, CT*
-
- European colonists refused to compromise w/ Natives
- colonists enslaved and sold Natives
- VA became a royal colony*
-
- Puritan exodus
- joint church + state
- John Winthrop: "city up on a hill"
- only white, church men could vote + hold office*
- not tolerant
-
- Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson
- separation of church + state
- religious freedom
-
- colonists fought for Native land
- imposed Christianity on Natives, but didn’t allow for full inclusion
-
- fight for dominance in trade
- Natives lost: disease + weapons
- survivors = converted to Christianity
-
- banished from MA Bay
- challenged only male authority
- redefined gender in religion
-
- ban on foreign trade
- keep colonies economy under England’s control*
-
- Natives tried coexisting
- colonists won
- Native survivors sided with French
-
- rich British owned settled lands
- corrupt gov
- landless colonists demanded Native land from corrupt gov
-
- Quakers escaping religious persecution
- most liberal colony at the time
- property-owning men could vote + hold office
-
- England wanted stricter control of colonies
- abolishment of assemblies + town meetings
- Glorious Revolution*
-
- Protestant replaces Catholic monarchy
- sparks Protestant rebellions in colonies
-
- Puritan accusal of women’s black magic
- effects of sexism in religion*
- Enlightenment era explained natural causes*
-
- England = constitutional monarchy
- US can self govern + trade*
-
- SC
- enslaved people = majority
- definition between upper + lower class + racial
- Southern dependency on cash crops*
-
- GB control of colony's economy
- circumvented via smuggling
- strengthened with Sugar Act
-
- George Whitfield
- devotion
- religious revival
-
- rebellion of enslaved people in SC
- largest uprising so far
- lead to more strict plantations
-
- following Great Awakening
- Old = orthodox Christians
- New = modernization of Christianity, pro Great Awake.
-
- first attempt to unify as colonial body*
- didn't work out
-
- Seven Years’ War
- GB US beats New France
- Treaty of Paris 1763*
- Albany Congress (first attempt to unify colonies)
-
- Natives in Great Lakes vs colonists
- colonists diseased Natives to weaken army
-
- GB order to stop colonists from moving W
- proclamation line
- END of salutary neglect*
-
- colonists couldn’t use paper $
- Sugar replaced Molasses Act
- end of salutary neglect*
-
- tax on all printed goods to pay for GB soldiers
- GB claimed colonies had virtual representation*
-
- kicked off revolution
- violent attacks on gov property
- Samuel Adams
-
- repeals Sugar + Currency Acts
- GB parliament had full power to tax colonies
-
- tax on colonial imports
- enforcement of parliamentary laws
- nonimportation movement*
-
- GB troops killed colonists
- leading to uniting colonies for Revolution*
-
- town meetings to discuss colonist’s rights
- communication for Patriot leadership*
-
- started committees of correspondence*
- colonists threw tea in the harbor
-
- reason: punish MA for Boston Tea Party
- close harbor, no town meetings, quartering act, justice act
- setting ex for what would happen to rebelling colonies*
-
- 12 colonial body
- boycott, political union, military defense
- demands: repeal Intolerable Acts, GB association only for trade
-
- minutemen: colonial militias
- fighting against GB
-
- freedom from GB
- 13 colonies
-
- colonial independence from GB
- 13 colonies
- approved by Continental Congress
-
- sovereign states w/ equal votes
- creates central American gov w/ limited power*
-
- turning point in the war
- colonial alliance with France
-
- end of Revolutionary War
- American Independence*
-
- weak economy from war debt
- resistance to pay taxes imposed from the new $
-
- ban of slavery N of OH River
- method for admitting new states to Union*
- one congressperson / 20,000
- territory = state when the population = that of the smallest state
-
- VA + NJ Plan: bicameral legislation, 3/5 compromise
- separation of church + state
- makes Constitution
-
W: George Washington (independent)
L: John Adams (federalist) -
- explain suggested Constitution
- encourage ratification
-
- creation of Supreme Court*
- 3 circuit court system
-
- national bank
- assume state's war debt
- raise taxes
-
- basic American liberties*
- freedom of religion, speech, press, etc.
-
W: George Washington (independent)
L: John Adams (federalist) -
- "taxation without representation"
- Washington arrests protestors arguing that they voted for their reps.
- success of Constitution!
-
- GB has to pay US for war damage + leave territory
- weak*
-
- US gets MS River from Spain
- right of deposit: transfer goods with no fee
-
W: Adams (federalist)
L: Jefferson (dem-repub) -
- bribe situation with France
- makes Adams look weak
-
- no attacking President or gov*
- caused by XYZ Affair
- deportation of foreigners
-
- state's right to nullify
- 10th amend.
- leads to SC Ord. of Null.
-
W: Jefferson (dem-repub)
L: Adams (federalist) -
- Adams appointed Feds. to rule court
- Judiciary Act of 1801
-
- constitutional review
-
- US gets LA from French
- technically illegal: reconsider strict interpretation of the Constitution
-
W: Jefferson (dem-repub)
L: Pinckney (federalist) -
W: Madison (dem-repub)
L: Pinckney (federalist) -
- nationalistic
- 1) strengthen second national bank
- 2) internal improvements
- 3) protective tariffs
-
W: Madison (dem-repub)
L: Clinton (fed / dem-repub) -
- US v GB
- not much really changed
- Natives lost land
- Treaty of Ghent: GB couldn't reclaim any land lost during the Revolutionary War; ended war
-
- expansion in W
- protestantism
- racial superiority
-
W: Monroe (dem-repub)
L: King (federalist) -
W: Monroe (dem-repub)
L: JQA (dem-repub) -
- set precedent for future states
- one free, one slave
- line drawn across LA territory
-
- conservative social reforms
- concept of salvation*
- Charles Finney: temperance (1830s)
-
- expansion of voting rights
- all that paid taxes or served in a militia
- expanding democracy to more common citizens
-
- women working outside of the home
- women contributing to family income
-
- Europe = off-limits
- diplomacy in W
-
- Europe = off-limits
- W diplomacy
-
- reinforces Congress’s power
- SC has power to regulate interstate commerce*
-
W: JQA (dem-repub)
L: Jackson (dem-repub) corrupt bargain: JQA wanted to elect people for the court -
- national canal boom
- interstate commerce
-
- protective tariff of cotton
- attacks Southern identity
-
W: Jackson (dem)
L: JQA (repub) -
- military force moved Natives from GA to OK + KS
- Trail of Tears
-
- forced migration on foot
- because of Indian Removal Act
- GA to OK + KS
- Cherokee Nation v GA and Worcester v GA
-
- states have right to void congressional laws
- caused by tariffs that hurt S economy in 1828 + 1832
- Jackson forced laws with Military Force Bill*
-
W: Jackson (dem)
L: Clay (repub) -
- anti Jackson
- rich white guys
- elitism based on talent, not birth
-
- US paid (very little) for Cherokee land
- forced relocation
-
- lessen inflation
- US only accepted silver + gold for land payments
-
W: Van Buren (dem)
L: W. Henry Harrison (Whig) -
- Bank of GB stopped sending $ to US
- falling cotton prices
- financial crisis
- states invested in canals + railroads to make $
-
W: W. Henry Harrison (whig)
L: Van Buren (dem) -
- legitimize trade unions
- right to strike*
-
W: Polk (dem)
L: Clay (whig) -
- declared independence from Mex (1836)
- slave state
-
- ban of slavery in territories gained from US/Mex War
- didn’t pass because Whigs were in control of Congress
-
- Polk = expansionist
- wanted revolution to annex TX
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-
- Polk expansion
- 54 40 or fight
- US split OR w/ GB*
-
W: Taylor (whig)
L: Cass (dem) -
- called out churches role in sexism
- equality of the sexes
- MA
- first women’s rights convention*
-
- slavery = threat to republicanism + Jeffersonians
- supported by white farmers
- condemned by William Lloyd Garrison (not enough civil rights)
-
- overpopulation in OR brought people to CA*
- forty-niners
-
- mining towns
- anti-immigrant sentiment
- disease + poverty
-
- included Fugitive Slave Act
- CA = free
- no trade of enslaved people in DC
- UT + NM = squatter sovereignty
- settled land boundaries between NM + TX
-
W: Pierce (dem)
L: Scott (whig) -
- Pierce threatened war w/ Spain to get Cuba
- wanted Cuba to be a slave state
- didn’t work out
-
- no slavery
- gov $ for transcontinental railroad
-
- popular sovereignty
- ended Whig party
- repeal of MO Compromise
-
- anti-immigrant
- anti-Catholic
- nativism*
-
W: Buchanan (dem)
L: Fremont (repub) -
- US allows slavery
- no African-American could get citizenship
- repeals NW Ordinance
-
W: Lincoln (repub)
L: Breckinridge (dem) -
- free vs slave states
- Union won
-
- gave fed land to property improvers
- moving W
-
- Lincoln
- slavery could continue where there were Union armies + MD + MO
- no immediate effects
- ex-enslaved people had the rights of "native Cherokee"
-
- Redemption*
- enforcement laws*
-
W: Lincoln (repub)
L: McClellan (dem) -
- aid for black people + refugees
- anti-semitism
- failed because of lack of funding
-
- local laws that restricted property, voting, etc. rights
- goal = convict leasing (legal slavery)
-
- slavery = illegal
- Lincoln
-
- enforce 13th amend
- divided S into military districts
- grant vote to freed people
- new state constitutions for black vote
-
- US missionary rights in China
- trying to become friendly w/ China
-
W: Grant (repub)
L: Seymour (dem) -
- race doesn't contribute to citizenship
-
- anti-immigrant
- pro ordinary people
- cooperative commonwealth (shops owned by employees)
-
- rights can't depend on race or previous enslavement
-
- US economy depended on railroad
- tension in railroad industry
-
- women’s right to suffrage isn’t protected under 14th amend
-
- last time Natives won
- white Americans officially took over W
-
- reinforced 14th amend
-
- protesting wage cuts from depression
- core of economy
- rise of workers rights
-
- states could regulate big business
- “due process”
- less regulation for corps
-
- black people migrating W from KS
- major drought
-
- intensified over time
- repealed in 1943
- had to use courts to protect Chinese rights
-
- Rockefeller
- horizontal integration (buying out competitors in the industry)
- predatory pricing (cut prices below production costs)
-
- worker unions alliance
- train a particular skill
-
- forced Natives into separate land
- encourage assimilation
-
- no trade conspiracies
-
- hoped to blend Natives + white Christians peacefully
- white violence towards Natives @ Wounded Knee
-
- biggest tariff of ever
- leads to annexation of HI
-
- rise of populism
- direction election of senators
- set economic prices = stability
-
- women’s org. for suffrage
- worked towards 19th amendment
-
- natural selection in society
- justification of white, American, male superiority*
-
- Protestant salvation
- social reform for working class
-
- led to McKinley’s election
- affected all of the economy
-
- Booker T. Washington = compromising
- vocational education for Black citizens
-
- segregation = legal
- Jim Crow laws okay
- reversed in Brown v Board of Education
-
- How the other half lives
- exposing life in tenements
- fundamental to modern journalism
-
- William Jennings Bryan
- free silver movement
-
- Cuba couldn't make treaties with anyone except the US
- US could intervene in Cuban affairs
- Cuba couldn't go into debt
- US has perpetual lease of Guantanamo Bay
-
- US won't annex Cuba
- Cuba has to accept Platt amend.
-
- end of War of 1898 (Spanish American War)
- US won
-
- US vs Spain
- humanitarian crisis in Cuba
- explosion of USS Maine
- US intervened in Cuban Independence
-
- US occupation of Philippines
- end of Spanish international hype
- insular cases
-
- US self-granted power over Filipino rights + politics
- Philippines + PR + Guam = colonies
-
- opposite of Monroe Doctrine
- US = self-proclaimed control in Caribbean
- police force
- repealed by FDR's Good Neighbor Policy
-
- US trade +++power
- acting on Roosevelt Corollary
-
-
- violent enforcement of prohibition
- anti-semitism
-
- rise of KKK
- lynchings
- Great Migration
-
- fear of Bolshevism + anarchy
- blaming innocent immigrants of hate crimes
- anti Communism
-
- women's right to vote
- Alice Paul + Susan B. Anthony
-
- 1st fed. funded health-care
- less infant mortality
-
- immigration quotas
- unrestricted in W
-
- major corruption of Coolidge admin
- tax cuts for big business
-
- low production, construction, unemployment
- contributes to Great Depression
-
- high unemployment
- biggest stock market crash
- ended with defense mobilization in WWII
-
- high tariff on imports
- encourage American production
-
- banking fails
- agricultural overproduction
- high unemployment
-
- Native self-gov
- reverse of Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
-
- trying to prevent overseas war
- no selling weapons to countries at war
- US = isolationist
-
- trying to prevent overseas war
- no selling weapons to countries at war
- US = isolationist
-
- atomic bomb
- racism, anti-semitism
- Anglo-saxon man = ideal
-
- atomic bomb
- racism, anti-semitism
- Anglo-saxon man = ideal
-
- stopped trade w/ Japan
- US declares war
-
- Japanese bombed US ships
- US declares war
-
- Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill planning Nazi defeat
- leads to Cold War
-
- contain Communism globally
- US = involved
- Long Telegram
- Truman Doctrine*
- Marshall Plan*
-
- $ aid for Greece and Turkey to fight incoming communism
- Domino Theory: if one country succumbs to communism the whole world could
-
- $ aid for Greece and Turkey to fight incoming communism
- Domino Theory: if one country succumbs to communism, the whole world could
-
- weakened workers right to collective bargaining
- purge communists
-
- weakened workers right to collective bargaining
- purge communists
-
W: Truman (dem) - Fair Deal
L: Dewey (repub) -
- $ for Europe to rebuild economy
- containment
- Domino Theory
-
- $ for Europe to rebuild economy
- containment
- Domino Theory
-
- collective security force
- peacetime military alliance
- attack on 1 = attack on all
-
- proxy war (USSR vs US)
- US sided with S (nationalists)
-
- post WWII
- disciplined, resourceful generation
-
- proxy war (USSR vs US)
- US sided with S (nationalists)
- Gen. MacArthur: does whatever he wants, fired
-
- post WWII
- disciplined, resourceful generation
-
W: Eisenhower (repub)
L: Stevenson (dem) -
- resolves Korean War
- separates Vietnam in 2
-
- segregation = unconstitutional
- overturn “separate but =” clause
-
- segregation = unconstitutional
- overturn “separate but =” clause
-
- resolves Korean War
- separates Vietnam in 2
-
- Emmett Till was murdered
- over a year of bus boycotts
- leads to Civil Rights Act
-
- Emmett Till's murder
- over a year of bus boycotts
- leads to Civil Rights Act
-
- US mediates
- defend allies
-
- US mediates
- defend allies
-
W: Eisenhower (repub)
L: Stevenson (dem) -
W: JFK (dem) - New Frontier
L: Nixon (repub) -
- Ella Baker
- nonviolent student movement
- racial justice
- sit ins*
-
- Ella Baker
- nonviolent student movement
- racial justice
- sit ins
-
- desegregation of public transportation
- SC outlaws bus segregation
-
- desegregation of public transportation
- SC outlaws bus segregation*
-
- = compensation for = work
- no wage disparity based on sex*
-
- suburban domesticity
- encourage women to get independence (both $ and socially)
- women’s liberation*
-
- anti Southern Manifesto (1956)
- uniting: MLK Jr., SCLC, SNCC, black, white
- I have a Dream
- struggle with balance between Black power vs appeasing to whites
-
- = compensation for = work
- no wage disparity based on sex
-
- suburban domesticity
- encourage women to get independence*
- women’s liberation*
-
- unity: MLK Jr., SCLC, SNCC, black, white
- "I have a Dream"
- struggle with balance between Black power vs appeasing to whites
-
- help impoverished citizens
- Head Start + Upward Bound
- job training + employment
-
- title VII
- desegregation of public facilities
- no employment discrimination
- = access to public accommodations + schools
- big one!
-
W: LBJ (dem) - Great Society
L: Goldwater (repub) -
- protect US from Vietnamese Communism
- increases Johnson’s approval
-
- help impoverished citizens
- Head Start +
- job training + employment*
-
- title VII
- no employment discrimination
- = access to public accommodations + schools
- desegregation of public facilities
-
- protect US from Vietnamese Communism
- increases Johnson’s approval*
-
- Johnson's Great Society
- paid with Social Security taxes
- give poor health coverage
-
- Johnson Great Society
- paid with Social Security taxes*
- give poor health coverage*
-
- epitome of war*
- bombing for peace
- didn’t make anything better
-
- outlaw voting requirements
- makes it easier for marginalized communities to vote
- caused by Bloody Sunday
- no literacy tests at polls
-
- state ban of contraceptives = illegal
- marital right to privacy
- decriminalized birth control
-
- epitome of war*
- bombing for peace
- didn’t make anything better
-
- outlaw voting requirements
- makes it easier for marginalized communities to vote
- caused by Bloody Sunday
- no literacy tests at polls*
-
- state ban of contraceptives = illegal
- marital right to privacy
- decriminalized birth control
-
- Newton + Seale
- Black rights: housing, pay, police violence*
- advocated for self defense
-
- Newton + Seale
- Black rights: housing, pay, police violence*
- advocated for self defense
-
W: Nixon (repub)
L: Humphrey (dem) -
- discredited Johnson
- turning point to end war
-
- companies have to file industrial impact on ecosystems
-
- companies have to file industrial impact on ecosystems
-
-
- Nixon abuse of power
- War Powers Act*
- Freedom of Info Act*
- Ethics in Gov Act
-
W: Nixon (repub)
L: McGovern (dem) -
W: Carter (dem)
L: Ford (repub) -
- American diplomats + citizens held hostage in Iran
- rise of Islamic revolutionaries
- deterioration of US-Iran relations
-
W: Reagan (repub)
L: Carter (dem) -
- tax cut for wealthy
- national debt
-
W: Reagan (repub)
L: Mondale (dem) -
- support of anti-Communists in Nicaragua
- secret + illegal deal to exchange hostages in Iran for weapons
-
- stigma of the gay community*
- gov didn’t take action until thousands had died
-
W: Bush (repub)
L: Dukakis (dem) -
- state govs can limit funding to
abortion
- state govs can limit funding to
-
- start of access to internet
- new economic market
-
- armistice between Iran + Iraq
- UN sanctions against Iraq
-
- Berlin Wall fell
- end of Communism in Europe
- US = only military superpower
- end of Cold War
-
W: Clinton (dem)
L: Gore (Bush) -
- forced 24 hour waiting period before an abortion
-
- eventual free trade in NA
- eliminates tariffs
-
W: Clinton (dem)
L: Dole (repub) -
- states could deny gay marriage
- repealed with Windsor v US (2013)
-
W: GW Bush (repub)
L: Gore (dem) -
- caused by 9/11
- US can monitor suspected citizens for terrorism
-
- Abu Ghraib prison*
- torture of suspected insurgents
- US took capital
-
W: GW Bush (repub)
L: Kerry (dem) -
- car industry almost went bankrupt
- unemployment
- housing market crisis
-
W: Obama (dem)
L: McCain (repub) -
- easier access to health care
- expansion of Medicaid
- lower costs
-
W: Obama (dem)
L: Romney (repub) -
W: Trump (repub)
L: Clinton (dem)