APUSH

Trans-Saharan Trade

Period: 1490 to 1620

• exchange of people + goods in N+W Africa + Europe
• European exploitation of Africa + Africans*

Columbian Exchange

Period: 1491 to 1607

• exchange of disease, people, and goods between Old + New Worlds
• disease killed most Natives
• brought economic prosperity to Europe*

Christopher Columbus in Americas

1492

• arrived in N America + claimed Caribbean
• made profit for Spain
• first European to come to Americas*

Line of Demarcation

1493

• Spain = W (all of Americas)
• Portugal = E
• decided by Pope

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494

• moved Line of Demarcation a little to the left
• Portugal got E Brazil

Vasco de Gama

1498

• reaches Middle East
• profit off of international trade
• use of trading posts + trade of enslaved people*

Portuguese Trade in Brazil

1500

• plantation system
• use of African enslaved people’s labor to replace Native’s*

Foundation of Iroquois Confederacy

1500

• European disease had killed most Natives
• united 5 tribes… strength in #s
• exploited by French*

Encomienda and Mita Systems

Period: 1500 to 1700

• Spanish royalty granted conquistadores land w/ its inhabitants
• exploitation of Natives for European profit*

Protestant Reformation

Period: 1520 to 1640

• division of Christianity … Schism (1054)
• separation from Roman Catholic Church
• creation of Protestant Church + Counter-Reformation*

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire

1521

• Spanish invasion of evolved Aztec empire
• took advantage of developed trade routes + food
• Spanish colonization of American territory*

Settlement in Saint Augustine, FL

1524

• god, gold, glory
• first European settlement in Americas*

Conquering the Inca Empire

1532

• Spanish colonization
• expansion of colonization in Americas

Puritanism

Period: 1560 to 1620

• purify Anglican Church
• stay apart of Catholicism
• Plymouth = Puritan*

Roanoke

1587

• “Lost Colony”
• failed
• first attempt at English settlement in N America*

Jamestown

1607

• gold + tobacco
• House of Burgesses
• first English royal colony in Americas*
• John Smith: "no work, no food"
• cash crops

Establishment of Quebec

1608

• French Canada
• fur trade
• Jesuit conversion

House of Burgesses

1619

• elected officials to govern colonies
• first colonial gov*
• VA

Start of US slavery

1619

• Chesapeake
• tobacco

Tobacco Boom

Period: 1619 to 1660

• Chesapeake
• enslaved Africans are brought to VA + MD*
• rise of cash crops*

Foundation of Plymouth

1620

• Puritan Pilgrims settlement
• first NE colony

Mayflower Compact

1620

• Plymouth = self-governing
• Puritans seeking freedom

First Wave of Migration

Period: 1620 to 1640

• Puritans fleeing religious persecution in England
• founding of Plymouth, MA Bay, CT*

Opechancanough's Uprising

1622

• European colonists refused to compromise w/ Natives
• colonists enslaved and sold Natives
• VA became a royal colony*

Foundation of MA Bay

1630

• Puritan exodus
• joint church + state
• John Winthrop: "city up on a hill"
• only white, church men could vote + hold office*
• not tolerant

Foundation of Rhode Island

1635

• Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson
• separation of church + state
• religious freedom

Puritan-Pequot War

Period: 1636 to 1637

• colonists fought for Native land
• imposed Christianity on Natives, but didn’t allow for full inclusion

Puritan-Pequot War

Period: 1636 to 1637

• fight for dominance in trade
• Natives lost: disease + weapons
• survivors = converted to Christianity

Anne Hutchinson Banished

1637

• banished from MA Bay
• challenged only male authority
• redefined gender in religion

Navigations Acts

1651

• ban on foreign trade
• keep colonies economy under England’s control*

Metacom's War

Period: 1675 to 1676

• Natives tried coexisting
• colonists won
• Native survivors sided with French

Bacon's Rebellion

1676

• rich British owned settled lands
• corrupt gov
• landless colonists demanded Native land from corrupt gov

Foundation of PN

1681

• Quakers escaping religious persecution
• most liberal colony at the time
• property-owning men could vote + hold office

Dominion of NE

Period: 1686 to 1690

• England wanted stricter control of colonies
• abolishment of assemblies + town meetings
• Glorious Revolution*

Glorious Revolution

Period: 1688 to 1689

• Protestant replaces Catholic monarchy
• sparks Protestant rebellions in colonies

Salem Witchcraft Trials

1692

• Puritan accusal of women’s black magic
• effects of sexism in religion*
• Enlightenment era explained natural causes*

Salutary Neglect

Period: 1715 to 1750

• England = constitutional monarchy
• US can self govern + trade*

Rice Boom

Period: 1720 to 1750

• SC
• enslaved people = majority
• definition between upper + lower class + racial
• Southern dependency on cash crops*

Molasses Act

1733

• GB control of colony's economy
• circumvented via smuggling
• strengthened with Sugar Act

Great Awakening

Period: 1734 to 1744

• George Whitfield
• devotion
• religious revival

Stono Rebellion

1739

• rebellion of enslaved people in SC
• largest uprising so far
• lead to more strict plantations

Old Lights vs New Lights

Period: 1740 to 1760

• following Great Awakening
• Old = orthodox Christians
• New = modernization of Christianity, pro Great Awake.

Albany Congress

1754

• first attempt to unify as colonial body*
• didn't work out

French and Indian War

Period: 1754 to 1763

• Seven Years’ War
• GB US beats New France
• Treaty of Paris 1763*
• Albany Congress (first attempt to unify colonies)

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763

• Natives in Great Lakes vs colonists
• colonists diseased Natives to weaken army

Treaty of Paris (1763)

1763

• GB order to stop colonists from moving W
• proclamation line
• END of salutary neglect*

Sugar + Currency Acts

1764

• colonists couldn’t use paper $
• Sugar replaced Molasses Act
• end of salutary neglect*

Stamp Act

1765

• tax on all printed goods to pay for GB soldiers
• GB claimed colonies had virtual representation*

Sons of Liberty

1765

• kicked off revolution
• violent attacks on gov property
• Samuel Adams

Declaratory Act

1766

• repeals Sugar + Currency Acts
• GB parliament had full power to tax colonies

Townshend Duties

1767

• tax on colonial imports
• enforcement of parliamentary laws
• nonimportation movement*

Boston Massacre

1770

• GB troops killed colonists
• leading to uniting colonies for Revolution*

Committees of Correspondence

1772

• town meetings to discuss colonist’s rights
• communication for Patriot leadership*

Tea Act

1773

• started committees of correspondence*
• colonists threw tea in the harbor

Intolerable Acts

1774

• reason: punish MA for Boston Tea Party
• close harbor, no town meetings, quartering act, justice act
• setting ex for what would happen to rebelling colonies*

First Continental Congress

1774

• 12 colonial body
• boycott, political union, military defense
• demands: repeal Intolerable Acts, GB association only for trade

Lexington and Concord

1775

• minutemen: colonial militias
• fighting against GB

American Revolution

Period: 1775 to 1783

• freedom from GB
• 13 colonies

Declaration of Independence

1776

• colonial independence from GB
• 13 colonies
• approved by Continental Congress

Articles of Confederation

1777

• sovereign states w/ equal votes
• creates central American gov w/ limited power*

Battle of Saratoga

1777

• turning point in the war
• colonial alliance with France

Treaty of Paris (1783)

1783

• end of Revolutionary War
• American Independence*

Shay's Rebellion

1786

• weak economy from war debt
• resistance to pay taxes imposed from the new $

Northwest Ordinance

1787

• ban of slavery N of OH River
• method for admitting new states to Union*
• one congressperson / 20,000
• territory = state when the population = that of the smallest state

Constitutional Convention

1787

• VA + NJ Plan: bicameral legislation, 3/5 compromise
• separation of church + state
• makes Constitution

Election of 1788

1788

W: George Washington (independent)
L: John Adams (federalist)

Federalist Papers

1788

• explain suggested Constitution
• encourage ratification

Judiciary Act

1789

• creation of Supreme Court*
• 3 circuit court system

Hamilton's Financial Plan

1790

• national bank
• assume state's war debt
• raise taxes

Bill of Rights

1791

• basic American liberties*
• freedom of religion, speech, press, etc.

Election of 1792

1792

W: George Washington (independent)
L: John Adams (federalist)

Whiskey Rebellion

1794

• "taxation without representation"
• Washington arrests protestors arguing that they voted for their reps.
• success of Constitution!

Jay's Treaty

1795

• GB has to pay US for war damage + leave territory
• weak*

Pinckney's Treaty

1795

• US gets MS River from Spain
• right of deposit: transfer goods with no fee

Election of 1796

1796

W: Adams (federalist)
L: Jefferson (dem-repub)

XYZ Affair

1798

• bribe situation with France
• makes Adams look weak

Alien + Sedition Acts

1798

• no attacking President or gov*
• caused by XYZ Affair
• deportation of foreigners

Virginia + Kentucky Resolutions

1798

• state's right to nullify
• 10th amend.
• leads to SC Ord. of Null.

Election of 1800

1800

W: Jefferson (dem-repub)
L: Adams (federalist)

Midnight judges

1801

• Adams appointed Feds. to rule court
• Judiciary Act of 1801

Marbury v Madison

1803

• constitutional review

Louisiana Purchase

1803

• US gets LA from French
• technically illegal: reconsider strict interpretation of the Constitution

Election of 1804

1804

W: Jefferson (dem-repub)
L: Pinckney (federalist)

Election of 1808

1808

W: Madison (dem-repub)
L: Pinckney (federalist)

Clay's American System

Period: 1810 to 1820

• nationalistic
• 1) strengthen second national bank
• 2) internal improvements
• 3) protective tariffs

Election of 1812

1812

W: Madison (dem-repub)
L: Clinton (fed / dem-repub)

War of 1812

Period: 1812 to 1814

• US v GB
• not much really changed
• Natives lost land
• Treaty of Ghent: GB couldn't reclaim any land lost during the Revolutionary War; ended war

Manifest Destiny

Period: 1812 to 1860

• expansion in W
• protestantism
• racial superiority

Election of 1816

1816

W: Monroe (dem-repub)
L: King (federalist)

Election of 1820

1820

W: Monroe (dem-repub)
L: JQA (dem-repub)

Missouri Compromise

1820

• set precedent for future states
• one free, one slave
• line drawn across LA territory

Benevolent Empire

Period: 1820 to 1890

• conservative social reforms
• concept of salvation*
• Charles Finney: temperance (1830s)

White male voting

Period: 1820 to 1829

• expansion of voting rights
• all that paid taxes or served in a militia
• expanding democracy to more common citizens

Lowell Girls

Period: 1820 to 1830

• women working outside of the home
• women contributing to family income

Monroe Doctrine

1823

• Europe = off-limits
• diplomacy in W

Monroe Doctrine

1823

• Europe = off-limits
• W diplomacy

Gibbons v Ogden

1824

• reinforces Congress’s power
• SC has power to regulate interstate commerce*

Election of 1824

1824

W: JQA (dem-repub)
L: Jackson (dem-repub) corrupt bargain: JQA wanted to elect people for the court

Erie Canal

1825

• national canal boom
• interstate commerce

Tariff of Abominations

1828

• protective tariff of cotton
• attacks Southern identity

Election of 1828

1828

W: Jackson (dem)
L: JQA (repub)

Indian Removal Act

1830

• military force moved Natives from GA to OK + KS
• Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

Period: 1830 to 1877

• forced migration on foot
• because of Indian Removal Act
• GA to OK + KS
• Cherokee Nation v GA and Worcester v GA

SC Ordinance of Nullification

1832

• states have right to void congressional laws
• caused by tariffs that hurt S economy in 1828 + 1832
• Jackson forced laws with Military Force Bill*

Election of 1832

1832

W: Jackson (dem)
L: Clay (repub)

Start of Whig Party

1834

• anti Jackson
• rich white guys
• elitism based on talent, not birth

Treaty of New Echota

1835

• US paid (very little) for Cherokee land
• forced relocation

Specie Circular

1836

• lessen inflation
• US only accepted silver + gold for land payments

Election of 1836

1836

W: Van Buren (dem)
L: W. Henry Harrison (Whig)

Panic of 1837

1837

• Bank of GB stopped sending $ to US
• falling cotton prices
• financial crisis
• states invested in canals + railroads to make $

Election of 1840

1840

W: W. Henry Harrison (whig)
L: Van Buren (dem)

Commonwealth v Hunt

1842

• legitimize trade unions
• right to strike*

Election of 1844

1844

W: Polk (dem)
L: Clay (whig)

TX admitted to Union

1845

• declared independence from Mex (1836)
• slave state

Wilmot Proviso

1846

• ban of slavery in territories gained from US/Mex War
• didn’t pass because Whigs were in control of Congress

Mexican American War

Period: 1846 to 1848

• Polk = expansionist
• wanted revolution to annex TX
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

OR Fever

Period: 1846 to 1849

• Polk expansion
• 54 40 or fight
• US split OR w/ GB*

Election of 1848

1848

W: Taylor (whig)
L: Cass (dem)

Seneca Falls Convention

1848

• called out churches role in sexism
• equality of the sexes
• MA
• first women’s rights convention*

Free-soil Movement

1848

• slavery = threat to republicanism + Jeffersonians
• supported by white farmers
• condemned by William Lloyd Garrison (not enough civil rights)

Gold Rush

Period: 1848 to 1855

• overpopulation in OR brought people to CA*
• forty-niners

49ers

1849

• mining towns
• anti-immigrant sentiment
• disease + poverty

Compromise of 1850

1850

• included Fugitive Slave Act
• CA = free
• no trade of enslaved people in DC
• UT + NM = squatter sovereignty
• settled land boundaries between NM + TX

Election of 1852

1852

W: Pierce (dem)
L: Scott (whig)

Ostend Manifesto

1854

• Pierce threatened war w/ Spain to get Cuba
• wanted Cuba to be a slave state
• didn’t work out

Start of Republican Party

1854

• no slavery
• gov $ for transcontinental railroad

KS-NE Act

1854

• popular sovereignty
• ended Whig party
• repeal of MO Compromise

Start of American / Know-Nothing Party

1855

• anti-immigrant
• anti-Catholic
• nativism*

Election of 1856

1856

W: Buchanan (dem)
L: Fremont (repub)

Dred Scott v Sanford

1857

• US allows slavery
• no African-American could get citizenship
• repeals NW Ordinance

Election of 1860

1860

W: Lincoln (repub)
L: Breckinridge (dem)

American Civil War

Period: 1861 to 1865

• free vs slave states
• Union won

Homestead Act

1862

• gave fed land to property improvers
• moving W

Emancipation Proclamation

1863

• Lincoln
• slavery could continue where there were Union armies + MD + MO
• no immediate effects
• ex-enslaved people had the rights of "native Cherokee"

Reconstruction

Period: 1863 to 1877

• Redemption*
• enforcement laws*

Election of 1864

1864

W: Lincoln (repub)
L: McClellan (dem)

Freedmen's Bureau

1865

• aid for black people + refugees
• anti-semitism
• failed because of lack of funding

Black Codes

1865

• local laws that restricted property, voting, etc. rights
• goal = convict leasing (legal slavery)

13th Amendment

1865

• slavery = illegal
• Lincoln

Reconstruction Act

1867

• enforce 13th amend
• divided S into military districts
• grant vote to freed people
• new state constitutions for black vote

Burlingame Treaty

1868

• US missionary rights in China
• trying to become friendly w/ China

Election fo 1868

1868

W: Grant (repub)
L: Seymour (dem)

14th Amendment

1868

• race doesn't contribute to citizenship

Start of Knights of Labor

1869

• anti-immigrant
• pro ordinary people
• cooperative commonwealth (shops owned by employees)

15th Amendment

1870

• rights can't depend on race or previous enslavement

Panic of 1873

Period: 1873 to 1879

• US economy depended on railroad
• tension in railroad industry

Minor v Happersett

1875

• women’s right to suffrage isn’t protected under 14th amend

Battle of Little Big Horn

1876

• last time Natives won
• white Americans officially took over W

US v Cruickshank

1876

• reinforced 14th amend

Great Railroad Strike

1877

• protesting wage cuts from depression
• core of economy
• rise of workers rights

Munn v IL

1877

• states could regulate big business
• “due process”
• less regulation for corps

Exoduster migration

1879

• black people migrating W from KS
• major drought

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882

• intensified over time
• repealed in 1943
• had to use courts to protect Chinese rights

Standard Oil Trust

1882

• Rockefeller
• horizontal integration (buying out competitors in the industry)
• predatory pricing (cut prices below production costs)

American Federation of Labor

1886

• worker unions alliance
• train a particular skill

Dawes Severalty Act

1887

• forced Natives into separate land
• encourage assimilation

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890

• no trade conspiracies

Ghost Dance Massacre

1890

• hoped to blend Natives + white Christians peacefully
• white violence towards Natives @ Wounded Knee

McKinley Tariff

1890

• biggest tariff of ever
• leads to annexation of HI

Okala Meeting

1890

• rise of populism
• direction election of senators
• set economic prices = stability

NAWSA

1890

• women’s org. for suffrage
• worked towards 19th amendment

Social Darwinism

Period: 1890 to 1935

• natural selection in society
• justification of white, American, male superiority*

Social Gospel

Period: 1890 to 1910

• Protestant salvation
• social reform for working class

Panic of 1893

1893

• led to McKinley’s election
• affected all of the economy

Atlanta Compromise

1895

• Booker T. Washington = compromising
• vocational education for Black citizens

Plessy v Ferguson

1896

• segregation = legal
• Jim Crow laws okay
• reversed in Brown v Board of Education

Jacob Riis

1896

• How the other half lives
• exposing life in tenements
• fundamental to modern journalism

Cross of Gold Speech

1896

• William Jennings Bryan
• free silver movement

Platt Amendment

1898

• Cuba couldn't make treaties with anyone except the US
• US could intervene in Cuban affairs
• Cuba couldn't go into debt
• US has perpetual lease of Guantanamo Bay

Teller Amendment

1898

• US won't annex Cuba
• Cuba has to accept Platt amend.

Treaty of Paris 1898

1898

• end of War of 1898 (Spanish American War)
• US won

War of 1898

Period: 1898 to 1898

• US vs Spain
• humanitarian crisis in Cuba
• explosion of USS Maine
• US intervened in Cuban Independence

US-Philippines War

Period: 1899 to 1902

• US occupation of Philippines
• end of Spanish international hype
• insular cases

Insular Cases

1901

• US self-granted power over Filipino rights + politics
• Philippines + PR + Guam = colonies

Roosevelt Corollary

1904

• opposite of Monroe Doctrine
• US = self-proclaimed control in Caribbean
• police force
• repealed by FDR's Good Neighbor Policy

Panama Canal

1914

• US trade +++power
• acting on Roosevelt Corollary

WWI

Period: 1914 to 1918

Resurgence of the KKK

1915

• violent enforcement of prohibition
• anti-semitism

Race Riots

Period: 1917 to 1921

• rise of KKK
• lynchings
• Great Migration

Red Scare

Period: 1917 to 1920

• fear of Bolshevism + anarchy
• blaming innocent immigrants of hate crimes
• anti Communism

19th Amendment

1920

• women's right to vote
• Alice Paul + Susan B. Anthony

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity + Infancy Act

1920

• 1st fed. funded health-care
• less infant mortality

National Origins Act

1920

• immigration quotas
• unrestricted in W

Teapot Dome

1923

• major corruption of Coolidge admin
• tax cuts for big business

Stock market crash

1929

• low production, construction, unemployment
• contributes to Great Depression

Great Depression

Period: 1929 to 1939

• high unemployment
• biggest stock market crash
• ended with defense mobilization in WWII

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

1930

• high tariff on imports
• encourage American production

Hundred Days

1933

• banking fails
• agricultural overproduction
• high unemployment

Indian Reorganization Act

1934

• Native self-gov
• reverse of Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

US Neutrality Act

1935

• trying to prevent overseas war
• no selling weapons to countries at war
• US = isolationist

US Neutrality Act

1935

• trying to prevent overseas war
• no selling weapons to countries at war
• US = isolationist

WWII

Period: 1939 to 1945

• atomic bomb
• racism, anti-semitism
• Anglo-saxon man = ideal

WWII

Period: 1939 to 1945

• atomic bomb
• racism, anti-semitism
• Anglo-saxon man = ideal

Pearl Harbor

1941

• stopped trade w/ Japan
• US declares war

Pearl Harbor

1941

• Japanese bombed US ships
• US declares war

Yalta Conference

1945

• Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill planning Nazi defeat
• leads to Cold War

Containment Policy

1946

• contain Communism globally
• US = involved
• Long Telegram
• Truman Doctrine*
• Marshall Plan*

Truman Docrine

1947

• $ aid for Greece and Turkey to fight incoming communism
• Domino Theory: if one country succumbs to communism the whole world could

Truman Doctrine

1947

• $ aid for Greece and Turkey to fight incoming communism
• Domino Theory: if one country succumbs to communism, the whole world could

Taft-Hartley Act

1947

• weakened workers right to collective bargaining
• purge communists

Taft-Hartley Act

1947

• weakened workers right to collective bargaining
• purge communists

Election of 1948

1948

W: Truman (dem) - Fair Deal
L: Dewey (repub)

Marshall Plan

1948

• $ for Europe to rebuild economy
• containment
• Domino Theory

Marshall Plan

1948

• $ for Europe to rebuild economy
• containment
• Domino Theory

Formation of NATO

1949

• collective security force
• peacetime military alliance
• attack on 1 = attack on all

Korean War

Period: 1950 to 1953

• proxy war (USSR vs US)
• US sided with S (nationalists)

Baby boom

Period: 1950 to 1959

• post WWII
• disciplined, resourceful generation

Korean War

Period: 1950 to 1953

• proxy war (USSR vs US)
• US sided with S (nationalists)
• Gen. MacArthur: does whatever he wants, fired

Baby Boom

Period: 1950 to 1959

• post WWII
• disciplined, resourceful generation

Election of 1952

1952

W: Eisenhower (repub)
L: Stevenson (dem)

Geneva Accords

1954

• resolves Korean War
• separates Vietnam in 2

Brown v Board of Education

1954

• segregation = unconstitutional
• overturn “separate but =” clause

Brown v Board of Education

1954

• segregation = unconstitutional
• overturn “separate but =” clause

Geneva Accords

1954

• resolves Korean War
• separates Vietnam in 2

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955

• Emmett Till was murdered
• over a year of bus boycotts
• leads to Civil Rights Act

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955

• Emmett Till's murder
• over a year of bus boycotts
• leads to Civil Rights Act

Suez Canal Crisis

1956

• US mediates
• defend allies

Suez Canal Crisis

1956

• US mediates
• defend allies

Election of 1956

1956

W: Eisenhower (repub)
L: Stevenson (dem)

Election of 1960

1960

W: JFK (dem) - New Frontier
L: Nixon (repub)

SNCC

Period: 1960 to 1976

• Ella Baker
• nonviolent student movement
• racial justice
• sit ins*

SNCC

Period: 1960 to 1976

• Ella Baker
• nonviolent student movement
• racial justice
• sit ins

Freedom Rides

1961

• desegregation of public transportation
• SC outlaws bus segregation

Freedom Rides

1961

• desegregation of public transportation
• SC outlaws bus segregation*

Equal Pay Act

1963

• = compensation for = work
• no wage disparity based on sex*

The Feminine Mystique

1963

• suburban domesticity
• encourage women to get independence (both $ and socially)
• women’s liberation*

March on Washington

1963

• anti Southern Manifesto (1956)
• uniting: MLK Jr., SCLC, SNCC, black, white
• I have a Dream
• struggle with balance between Black power vs appeasing to whites

Equal Pay Act

1963

• = compensation for = work
• no wage disparity based on sex

The Feminine Mystique

1963

• suburban domesticity
• encourage women to get independence*
• women’s liberation*

March on Washington

1963

• unity: MLK Jr., SCLC, SNCC, black, white
• "I have a Dream"
• struggle with balance between Black power vs appeasing to whites

Economic Opportunity Act

1964

• help impoverished citizens
• Head Start + Upward Bound
• job training + employment

Civil Rights Act

1964

• title VII
• desegregation of public facilities
• no employment discrimination
• = access to public accommodations + schools
• big one!

Election of 1964

1964

W: LBJ (dem) - Great Society
L: Goldwater (repub)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964

• protect US from Vietnamese Communism
• increases Johnson’s approval

Economic Opportunity Act

1964

• help impoverished citizens
• Head Start +
• job training + employment*

Civil Rights Act

1964

• title VII
• no employment discrimination
• = access to public accommodations + schools
• desegregation of public facilities

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964

• protect US from Vietnamese Communism
• increases Johnson’s approval*

Start of Medicare + Medicaid

1965

• Johnson's Great Society
• paid with Social Security taxes
• give poor health coverage

Start of Medicare + Medicaid

1965

• Johnson Great Society
• paid with Social Security taxes*
• give poor health coverage*

Operation Rolling Thunder

1965

• epitome of war*
• bombing for peace
• didn’t make anything better

Voting Rights Act

1965

• outlaw voting requirements
• makes it easier for marginalized communities to vote
• caused by Bloody Sunday
• no literacy tests at polls

Griswold v CT

1965

• state ban of contraceptives = illegal
• marital right to privacy
• decriminalized birth control

Operation Rolling Thunder

1965

• epitome of war*
• bombing for peace
• didn’t make anything better

Voting Rights Act

1965

• outlaw voting requirements
• makes it easier for marginalized communities to vote
• caused by Bloody Sunday
• no literacy tests at polls*

Griswold v CT

1965

• state ban of contraceptives = illegal
• marital right to privacy
• decriminalized birth control

Black Panthers

Period: 1966 to 1982

• Newton + Seale
• Black rights: housing, pay, police violence*
• advocated for self defense

Black Panthers

Period: 1966 to 1982

• Newton + Seale
• Black rights: housing, pay, police violence*
• advocated for self defense

Election of 1968

1968

W: Nixon (repub)
L: Humphrey (dem)

Tet Offensive

1968

• discredited Johnson
• turning point to end war

Start of EPA

1970

• companies have to file industrial impact on ecosystems

EPA

1970

• companies have to file industrial impact on ecosystems

Watergate

1972

Watergate

1972

• Nixon abuse of power
• War Powers Act*
• Freedom of Info Act*
• Ethics in Gov Act

Election of 1972

1972

W: Nixon (repub)
L: McGovern (dem)

Election of 1976

1976

W: Carter (dem)
L: Ford (repub)

Hostage Crisis

Period: 1979 to 1981

• American diplomats + citizens held hostage in Iran
• rise of Islamic revolutionaries
• deterioration of US-Iran relations

Election of 1980

1980

W: Reagan (repub)
L: Carter (dem)

Economic Recovery Act

1981

• tax cut for wealthy
• national debt

Election of 1984

1984

W: Reagan (repub)
L: Mondale (dem)

Iran-Contra Scandal

1986

• support of anti-Communists in Nicaragua
• secret + illegal deal to exchange hostages in Iran for weapons

HIV + AIDS Epidemic

Period: 1986 to 1995

• stigma of the gay community*
• gov didn’t take action until thousands had died

Election of 1988

1988

W: Bush (repub)
L: Dukakis (dem)

Webster v Reproductive Health Services

1989

• state govs can limit funding to
  abortion

World Wide Web

1990

• start of access to internet
• new economic market

Persian Gulf War

Period: 1990 to 1991

• armistice between Iran + Iraq
• UN sanctions against Iraq

Fall of the USSR

1991

• Berlin Wall fell
• end of Communism in Europe
• US = only military superpower
• end of Cold War

Election of 1992

1992

W: Clinton (dem)
L: Gore (Bush)

Planned Parenthood of SE PN v Casey

1992

• forced 24 hour waiting period before an abortion

North American Free Trade Agreement

1993

• eventual free trade in NA
• eliminates tariffs

Election of 1996

1996

W: Clinton (dem)
L: Dole (repub)

Defense of Marriage Act

1998

• states could deny gay marriage
• repealed with Windsor v US (2013)

Election of 2000

2000

W: GW Bush (repub)
L: Gore (dem)

USA PATRIOT Act

2001

• caused by 9/11
• US can monitor suspected citizens for terrorism

US troops invade Iraq

2003

• Abu Ghraib prison*
• torture of suspected insurgents
• US took capital

Election of 2004

2004

W: GW Bush (repub)
L: Kerry (dem)

Great Recession

Period: 2007 to 2008

• car industry almost went bankrupt
• unemployment
• housing market crisis

Election of 2008

2008

W: Obama (dem)
L: McCain (repub)

Affordable Care Act

2010

• easier access to health care
• expansion of Medicaid
• lower costs

Election of 2012

2012

W: Obama (dem)
L: Romney (repub)

Election of 2016

2016

W: Trump (repub)
L: Clinton (dem)