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Islamic empire
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Filial piety, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism.
Grand Canal expanded.
Heavy use of champa rice, which was resistant to drought.
This was a lot of work to irrigate, so there was a heavy reliance on farmers.
Lots of steel and porcelain exports.
Artisans made porcelain.
Used paper money. -
Orthodox vs. Catholic
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control the Abbasid caliphate through puppet rulers
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Series of "holy wars" where Christians tried to take back Muslim land
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Britain vs France over lands & French succession
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-khangan of Mongols
-consulted w/Confucian scholars about ruling, Muslims engineers about weapons, & Daoist holy men about immortality -
Mostly Turkish people who had converted to Islam (outside of the caliphate).
Some blending of Hindu and Islamic traditions. Hindu vs Muslims in India -
-attacked Tangut, Jurchens, then used captured Chinese commanders to overcome walled cities (used catapults)
-Capital at Karakorum
-bows & cavalry
-tolerated other religions
-Ogedai (son) as khangan after Genghis dies
-Golden Horde (Batu lead in Russia)
-Hulegu in Islamic empires
-Kubilai in China
-Mongols protected trade (contribute to spread of Black Plague)
FELL BECAUSE OF:
-plague, resistance (Moscow princes), over expansion, hatred of conquered peoples -
King John forced to sign
"parliaments"
House of Lords (nobles that talked about politics & advised king) & House of Commons (landowenrs & wealthy merchants that discussed trade & taxes) -
Abbasid dynasty falls
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-Mongols in China
-wife is Chabi
-they invited many foreigners to court
-kepts mongols and ethnic chinese very separate
-did not reinstate civil service exams
-his successors were weak & lazy -
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-Muslim ruler of Mali empire
-went on a pilgrimage through Africa (to Mecca)
-spent A BUNCH of gold
-crashed the Econs. of several African kingdoms -
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-killed millions of people
-started in China
-spread along trade routes (Mongols)
-lead to loosening of serfdom in Euro
-interesting religious occurrences (some viewed plague as punishment by God) -
-Zhu Yuanzheng
-overthrew Mongols & established Ming dynasty
-got rid of Mongol influences (dress & names)
-re-stablished civil service exams
-harsh beatings & humiliation for scholar-gentry if found corrupt -
-got rid of Mongol influences
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-Euro voyagers (Portugal, then Spain, then England/France)
-trade routes
-established Columbian Exchange CAUSES:
-competition between Euro
-Christianity conversion
-tech finally got to Euro (compass, astrolabe, sails, caravals)
-mercantilism (wanted colonies because "free" raw goods & new markets for finished goods) EFFECTS:
-demographic changes (African slaves, diseases in LatAm, pop growth in Eurasia because of American crops)
-the Euro got very rich -
-Chinese junks
-originally to demonstrate Chinese power, trade, & demand tribute
ENDED BECAUSE OF:
-hatred of Confucians bureaucrats towards Zheng He
-financial strain -the belief that Chinese goods were better anyway -trade w/ S.E. Asia cont. -
Built chinampas-- "floating gardens" or islands for agriculture over their swampy land.
Human sacrifice & cannibalism
Advanced economy, trade, and governmental systems. -
Used quipus (knotted cords) in place of writing.
Extensive road system.
Terrace farming.
Used mita system as labor system-- everyone had to work periodically for the state in some form
llamas -
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Moscow princes
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He sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope). His voyage showed that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans flowed into each other.
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Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon marry & unite most of Spain under monarchy
Allied with Catholic Church -
Convinced Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain to go west to get to India, landed in Americas
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Portugal & Spain, splitting the world along longitudinal line
Portugal got India/China & Brazil (east)
Spain got Americas (west) -
Portuguese navigator who rounded Cape of Good Hope, traveled up E. African coast, & got to India
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in the West
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Shi'a
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-outlined frustrations w/ church practices
-condemned the selling of indulgences
-claimed that salvation should be directly given by God (and people should appeal to him, not the church) -
Spanish conquistador who conquered Aztecs using:
-allied with tribute states who hated & feared Aztecs
-gunpowder weapons
-horses
-disease (smallpox) -
Americas:
-furs, whale oil, sugar, rice, tobacco, wood to Euro
West Euro:
-guns, cloth, alcohol to Africa
-manufactured goods/luxuries to Americas
Africa (mainly west coast):
-Gold, ivory & spices to Euro
-Slaves to West Indies/Americas -
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Spanish conqueror of Inca empire using:
-diseases
-Inca's enemies
-advanced weapons
-current emperor weak because of civil war -
-Ivan the Terrible
-executed/exiled suspected traitors
-emphasized centralization & tsar authority
-reduced boyar power
-killed his son & heir in fit of rage -
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Michael
Alexis
Peter I -
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Religious war, Roman Catholics vs. Protestants in Germany
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-King Charles I vs. supporters of Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell)
-Charles executed & Commonwealth occurred for 11 years -
Absolute monarch, built Versailles, "I am the state"
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-humankind in relation to gov
-social equality & human rights -
-Glorious Rev: deposed James 2 & Parliament asserts rights over monarchy
-John Locke: people have right to revolts against tyrants + all people have natural rights (life, liberty, & property)
-parliamentary monarchies
-some religious toleration -
-Westernization (went undercover to West)
-St.Petersburg (window to the west) & invited Western artists/scholars/etc
-Women in Western fashions & men cut off beards
-Made 1st Russian navy & adopted Western military organization
-cruel against enemies & those suspected of treason -
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-England, Holy Roman Empire, & German princes thought that Spain and France could join together
-settled by Philip V getting to rule Spain, but Spain couldn't combine w/France & France had to give lands to England -
-France vs. Britain over land claims in N.America
-eventually spread to other parts of world
-partially caused American Revolution -
The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company, under the leadership of Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757.
-marked the beginning of British supremacy in India -
-agricultural rev again
-urbanization
-domestic system, cotton gin, waterpower factories, steam engine (James Watt)
-lightbulb, telegraph, radio, telephone
-Charles Darwin
-vaccines
-assembly line
-women & children in factories
-capitalism -
States/rulers should welcome a free market economy, Govs. shouldn't have meddle too much
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-serfdom harsher in exchange for nobles being engaged in bureaucracy rather than as a separate entity
-Westernization (picky) -
peasant uprising, crushed by Catherine & used as excuse to centralize further
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-taxation without representation
-Enlightenment ideas
-hated mercantilism + colonialism Econ exploitation
-French aid (rivalry w/British) -
-Louis XVI needs money & wants to tax, calls Estates-General (hasn't met in forever because of divine right)
-Third Estate did National Assembly & Declaration of the Rights of Man
-Convention
-Committee of Public Safety
-5 Man Directory
-Napolean -
-"Vindication of the Rights of Women"
-in context of Enlightenment
-one of OG feminists -
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Napoleonic Codes: equality of French men (Enlightenment ideas), paternalistic
-conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, & Italian kingdoms
-failed to attack Russian (during winter)
-Allies finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
-Congress of Vienna (rearranged French boundaries) -
leads rebellion for independence from Spain
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Empire established under Dom Pedro I
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-U.S. would intervene in financial disputes between LatAm and Euro if it would "maintain the peace"
-no more colonization or "puppet rulers" in Americas
-British supported cocky U.S. because feared Spain becoming too powerful -
-pro-Western army officers
-failed & repression stiffened
-led to more secret police & newspapers/schools supervised -
in S. Africa
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-Opium Wars
-White Lotus Rebellions (Buddhists frustrated over taxes and gov. corruption)
-Taiping Rebellion (Christian zealot, almost brought down Manchu gov.)
-Self-Strengthening Movement (attempts at industrialization that weren't as successful as Japan)
-1883 Sino-French War (lost Vietnam, French establish French Indochina)
-1894 Sino-Japanese War (imperial Japan) + resulting treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) -- forced give Taiwan & trading rights like Euro -
Westernization (universities, railways, state postal system) + legal reforms
-new constitution -
-the Manchu emperor forbid further sale/use of opium & seized British opium in Canton in 1893
-British started the Opium War & won -
-first of "unequal treaties"
-Britain given more rights to trade w/China As a result of the 1st Opium War: Britain took Hong Kong as possession & forced China to allow Christian missionaries -
-capitalism is limited factory workers' opportunities
-workers would eventually revolt & establish workers' paradise
-foundation of socialism & communism -
arrives on steamboat & uses threats of bombardment to get Japan to sign Treaty of Kanazawa (1854) --- trade treaty skew in U.S. & other countries' favor
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-Russia vs. Otto (supported by West)
-Otto won because of West industrialized
-led to Alexander 2 reforms -zemstvos, military promotion by merit, trans-Siberian railroad Also, Sergei Witte (1892-1903) & foreign investment/high tariffs -
-China resisted British attempts at trade = 2nd war
-Chinese lost again
-Britain got even more trading concessions
-spheres of Euro influence in China -
-Indian soldiers employed by the British
-learned that their bullet cartridges (which they had to bite off) were coated in pork & beef fat
-they revolted for 2 years, but failed
-as a result, in 1859, the British parliament took control of India from the East India Company and made all of India a colony -
-by Alexander 2
-didn't really help because of land owned to gov & bad circumstances in cities & factories -
-slavery
-morals vs. Econ
-North vs. South -
-Japanese westernization
-railways + steamships
-abolished class system
-followed after Tokugawa shogunate -
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-hosted by Otto von Bismarck
-Euro claims in African Congo
-ignored traditional African tribe & ethnic lines; temporarily prevented Africans from organizing against Euro + disrupted culture -
-anti-imperialist & anti-Christian
-goal was to drive out Japanese & euro
-adopted guerilla warfare, killed missionaries
-Foreign reinforcements quickly put it down
-as a result, China forced to sign Boxer Protocol (China pay for Euro & Japanese costs & formally apologize) -
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-happened because of anger at lost to Japanese in 1904
-led to peasant reforms & Duma (parliament) -
-APARTHEID
-50s, Nelson Mandela led African National Congres, orig. non-violent, then violent
-arrested (1964), in 90s he was released
-gov. negotiated & crumbled
-in 1994, apartheid abolished
-Nelson Mandela become prez in first open & free election in nation -
-Allies vs. Central Powers Causes:
-Archduke Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) assassinated by Serbian nationalist
-military build-up in Germany
-Britain joins to protect France after Germany invades through Belgium During:
-trench warfare
-poison gas, barbed wire, machine guns
-Home Front (rations & total war)
-10 mill soldiers dead & 10 mill civilians (starvation) + 21 mill wounded Ended:
-Americans joined in 1917
-Germany signs armistice 1918
-Treaty of Versailles in 1919 -
-institutes New Economic Policy (private initiatives)
-led Bolsheviks, Marxist leader
-signed armistice w/Germany in 1918, taking Russia out of WW1 -
-Germany demilitarizes, formally takes blame, pays reparations, & give lands
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-led Chinese Rev of 1911
-founded Guomindang (nationalist)
-succesor Chiang Kai-Shek -
-agressive non-violent protest
-strikes, mass demonstrations, & boycotts
-inspired MLK -
-communist in Russia
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-founded the first fascist state
-used nationalism to expand in N. Africa
-inspired by Hitler's success to try for conquest of Ethiopia -
-Five-Year Plans (industrialization)
-collectivization
-terror tactics
-secret police force
-bogus trials & assassinations
-"Great Purge" -
-succeded Sun Yat-sen
-fought w/communits (Mao) -- worked together against Japanese
-attacked & caused Long March
-his wife was for traditional female roles -
-stock market crash in U.S.
-everyone borrowing money from U.S.
-weak econ. -
-head of Nazi party
-took back Rhineland in 1935
-formed alliance w/Japan in 1937
-Munich Conference of 1938 = Hitler given Sutenland without Czechoslovakia's consent (appeasement)
-Hitler invades remaining territories in Czechoslovakia in 1939 -signed Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939 -- non-agression pact & quickly Germany marched into Poland -HATED JEWS -
-10ks of Chinese women raped & 250k slaughtered by Japanese troops
-pillaged coastal cities/towns -
Causes:
-Treaty of Versailles
-Japan against Guomindang
-Hitler elected bcz of Great Depression During:
-Japan invades China
-blitzkreig
-Battle of Britain
-Germany invades Greece & Russia
-Japan bombs Pearl Harbor bcz sanctions (1941)
-Manhattan Project
-Normandy (1944) - D-Day
-Stalingrad
-Hitler suicide & Germany surrender
-U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
-Japan surrender Effects:
-support for Jewish homeland
-superpowers (Cold War)
-Japan demilitarize
-decolonization -
-Nazi air bombing campaign in Britain
-British succeeded in keeping Germans out w/radar, but many died -
-the primary goal to mediate/intervene in international disputes
-expanded beyond politics & increasingly involved in monitoring human rights (after Holocaust came to light) -
-puppet states
-suppressing anti-communist forces -
-Russia vs U.S.
-arms & space race
-influence in W. Euro (Germany split & Berlin wall)
-supporting corresponding systems in new nations
-complicated decolonization
-Vietnam, Korea, & Cuba -
-U.S. gives billions of dollars to West. Euro (not E. because of Iron Curtain) for reconstruction
-allows Euro to spend money on other things (like welfare) -
U.S. states that it will aid countries threatened by communist takeovers
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-Muhammad Ali Jinnah led this mvm
-after India's indp, bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims
-millions fled & immigration (nearly 1/2 mill killed) -
Western blob forms military alliance
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-led Communist Party
-established People's Republic of China
-100 Flowers Campaign (1957)
-Great Leap Forward (late 50s)
-China tests first atomic bomb (1964)
-Cultural Rev (Red Guards, universities shut down, kill the elite, Little Red Book) 1996
-favorable towards women
-toppled by pragmatists -
-North vs South
-the swoosh swoosh swoosh -
-military alliance of Eastern blob
-ended in 1991 -
-similar to Korea (north vs south)
-U.S. backed Viet Cong, but then abandoned & Vietnam fell to communists -
-overthrew Batista Dictatorship
-became a communist one himself
-U.S. places econ. embargo on Cuba
-1961, Bay of Bigs invasion (cuban exiles) fails
-Cuban missile crisis -
-petroleum cartel (ex. Venezuela)
-70s, cut supply & prices soared
-cant' control members, so no longer as powerful (indiv. nations still wield power over global econ.) -
-Soviet missiles in Cuba (because of Bay of Pigs Invasion)
-U.S. said if they weren't removed, US would attack Russia
-Soviets said they would remove missiles if US wouldn't attack Cuba
-when soviet union fell, Cuba lost econ backer -
-Soviet Union
-glasnost & perestroika (restructuring of econ)
-nuclear arms treatises w/US
-not a girls girl -
-U.S. vs Spain --- ended Spanish colonial in Americas
-U.S. gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, & Phillipenes + Cuba given independence in exchange for concessions to the U.S. (ex. 2 naval bases) -
-forces led by U.S. against Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait (for the oil)
-Kuwait liberated, Iraq had to limit its military activities, & have sanctions -Hussein still in power -
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-Christian Serbian raped & killed Bosnian and Albanian muslims in act of "ethnic cleansing" after dissolution of Yugoslavia
-led to involvement of UN troops in 90s -
-established free trade zone between Canada, U.S., and Mexico
-caused Mexico to have strong ties to U.S. & immigration -
-rulers Tutsis vs. majority Hutus
-tribal rivalries
-after Rwandan indp, Hutu revolts
-800k Tutsis dead & 2 mill mostly Hutu refugees -
-KGB agent
-Russian "demo"
-assassinations, corruption, crackdown on free press
-still rules to present day -
-Al-Qaeda took control of 4 American passenger jets
-2 into World Trade Center (towers fell & killed 2.5k people)
-1 into the Pentagon & 1 into field in Pennsylvania
-almost 3k total casualties
-US responded by launching a War on Terror -
-nations agreed to keep global warming below 1.5C more than pre-industrial levels
-there was no way to enforce this
-US officially withdrew in 2020