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Period: Jan 29, 1258 to Feb 10, 1258
Siege of Baghdad
Baghdad, being the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate was one of the most important cultural, commercial, and intellectual hubs within the Islamic world at that time. During the mid-13th century, the Mongol Empire, under leadership of Hulegu Khan was expanding into the Middle East. This would eventually lead to a 13 day siege with the Abbasids eventually surrendering the city to the Mongols. This would be seen as the end to the Islamic golden age, among other factors. -
Period: 1271 to 1368
Yuan Dynasty
Established by Kublai Khan, this period of Chinese history was under Mongol Rule. This was also the first time a non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China, and would also lead to Mongol influence in China. During this period, the Yuan Dynasty would see developments in technology, urban development, and the flourishing of the arts. The Yuan Dynasty would be overthrown in 1368 by the Ming Dynasty. -
Period: 1271 to 1295
Marco Polo's travels and publication of his travels in Asia
Marco Polo's publications of his travels in China, or known as "The Travels of Marco Polo" changed European knowledge and perception on Asia. Titled "Il Milione", the book describes Marco Polo's journey from Venice to China, describing his experiences from the regions he visited, most notably the description of Kublai Khan's court, cities of China, and many more parts of China. -
Period: 1299 to 1402
The Founding of the Ottoman Empire
Founded by Osman I in 1299 in northwestern Anatolia. Osman I would unite small Turkic tribes under his leadership, this laying the groundwork for the newly formed empire's expansion. The location in which the Ottoman Empire would be found allowed it to control vital trade routes, being a major reason to why the Ottoman Empire flourished quickly in it's early age -
1320
Dante publishes the "Divine Comedy"
Written between 1308 and 1320, this poem would have a great influence on literature and visual arts, due to it's innovative use of narrative structure, combining elements of classical epic poetry with Christian medieval worldview. -
Period: 1337 to 1360
Edwardian War (Hundred Years' War)
First phase of the Hundred Years' War. Named Edwardian War as it was started by King Edward III of England. This phase of the war would result in British victory and would end in the Treaty of Brétigny, which would see Britain gaining land in French territory. -
Period: May 24, 1337 to Oct 19, 1453
Hundred Years' War
War that spanned through 3 different periods within a 116-year timespan, between the French and the English. This war emerged from disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine, and would trigger a claim to the French throne made by King Edward III of England. This war would eventually lead to a French Victory, leading to England losing all possessions of land within France. -
Period: 1346 to 1353
The Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe for 7 years, and would kill off 50 million people, estimated to be half of Europe's population at that time. Due to lack of hygiene and the fact that the bubonic plague was easy to contract, this would contribute to the disease being extremely fatal. -
Period: 1369 to 1389
Caroline War (2nd phase, Hundred Years' War)
France would resume hostilites with Britain to regain lost territory in France. This phase of the war would be dominated by the French, with Charles V revitalizing the French Army, using discipline to win his battles. This phase of the war would eventually lead to French victory, and would end up being a truce between both sides, as Britain was on the verge of financial collapse and internal issues, while France was suffering from it's king's mental illness, handicapping the French war effort. -
Period: 1415 to Oct 19, 1453
Lancastrian War (final phase, Hundred Years' War)
The final phase of the Hundred Years' War saw shifts in power between England and France. Starting off with the British victory in Agincourt, making Henry V heir to the French throne. The tide would turn with the rise of Joan of Arc in 1429, lifting the Siege of Orleans with her relief force. This would inspire French forces and with the coronation of Charles VII and French military reforms, would eventually lead to a French victory, ending British ambitions in France. -
Oct 25, 1415
Battle of Agincourt (Hundred Years' War)
Occurring near the village of Agincourt in Northern France, this British victory, though outnumbered by roughly 20 thousand French, would have an massive impact. This would highlight the importance of the usage of longbowmen, and would also boost English morale, while weakening the French nobility. This battle would also become a symbol for British bravery, and is immortalized in literature, specifically Shakespeare's Henry V. -
Period: Apr 6, 1453 to May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
Month-long siege that resulted in the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire. Ottoman Empire would change it's capital to Constantinople afterwards -
Period: May 22, 1455 to Jun 16, 1487
War Of the Roses
Series of Civil wars that was fought over the right to the British throne. Fought between supporters of the House of Lancaster and House of York. The House of Lancaster would eventually end and the Tudor family would inherit their claim to the throne, eventually winning against the House of York -
Period: Jul 4, 1456 to Jul 22, 1456
Siege of Belgrade
Ottoman siege on Hungarian city Budapest, resulted in a Hungarian victory and would lead to Ottoman expansion in Europe being stalled for seven decades -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas is created
Treaty signed and ratified between Spain and Portugal that would divide the New World into two parts -
Period: 1568 to
Eighty Years' War
Conflict between the Dutch and Spanish Empire, due to excessive taxation and rights and privileges of Dutch nobility and cities. Ended in Spanish recognizing Dutch independence. -
Period: to
Ming-Qing transition
Decades long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty and the current Ming dynasty. Resulted in the collapse of the Ming and the Qing's rise to rule China for the next 300 years -
Period: to
Thirty Years' War
Caused by Emperor Ferdinand of the Habsburg Monarchy forcing catholicism throughout the region, making Protestants fear losing rights to worship. Resulted in around 5 million people dead, ended in the Peace of Westphalia. -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
The birth of James II's son, perceived as a Catholic heir to the throne. James II also promoted Catholicism in Britain, increasing opposition from the Protestant majority. James II would be replaced by Protestant Mary II. -
Period: to
Nine Years' War
Caused due to France's invasion of the Rhineland, aiming to expand French influence in German states. Resulted in the Peace of Ryswick, due to the war costing both sides massive losses. -
Period: to
War of Spanish Succession
Triggered by the death of the Hapsburg King Charles II. This led to a struggle for the control of the Spanish Empire amongst the claimant Bourbon and Hapsburg dynasties. Three treaties were made - Utrecht, Rastatt, and Baden. -
Period: to
Seven Years' War
Began as a dispute over North American land claims between France and Great Britain. Resulted in the conflict spreading on other parts of the world and would end in Anglo-Prussian victory, ending in France losing all North American territory to Britain. -
Period: to
American Revolution
American patriot forces revolted from Britain due to unfair treatment. America had support from Spain and France, and would end in an American victory resulting in American independence. -
Period: to
French Revolutions
Period of political and societal change in France beginning with the unjust Estates General of 1789. Resulted in the proclamation of the French First Republic, execution of Louis XVI, and the establishment of the French Consulate. -
Period: to
Napoleonic Wars
Series of wars fought between France and multiple European coalitions. Originated from the political forces from the French Revolution. 9 wars would be fought, and would eventually lead to Coalition victory and restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. -
Period: to
Crimean War
Dispute between the Czar and the Ottoman Emperor over which empire would have authority over who could control Orthodox Christians living in Ottoman territory. Resulted in Ottoman victory and Russia losing the Danube Delta and Southern Bessarabia. -
Period: to
World War I
Caused due to nationalism, imperialism, and alliances. 4 year long war that resulted in the Allied powers victory and the formation of new European countries in Europe, the Middle East, and Poland.