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Dec 1, 1453
100 Years' War Ends
Huge deaths. Ruined farmland, economies and international trade. Countries began taxing more heavily. Representative assemblies formed in many countries (British Parliament, German diets) Separation of rich and poor politically. Development of advanced weapons that only nations could afford, resulting in stronger military powers for states. -
Period: Dec 18, 1455 to Dec 19, 1471
War of Roses (English Civil War)
War between Houses of York and Lancaster. Yorkists won, Edward IV (r.1461-1483) established order and strengthened the monarchy. Brother Richard III ruled shortly, then Henry VII of House Tudor (r. 1485-1509) inherited the throne. Machiavelli tactics to restore royal power and establish order. -
Period: Dec 1, 1494 to Dec 1, 1559
Hapsburg Valois Wars
HRE Hapsburgs and French Valois have intense rivalry that basically continues for all of history. Initially fighting for control of Italy. French ally with Ottomans at one point. Ally with Protestant Schmalkaldic League against HRE (even though France is Catholic). The pope sides with French but switches back to HRE after Sack of Rome -
Dec 18, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Between Spain and Portugal. Facilitated by Pope. Line drawn down Atlantic, dividing the New World. Favored the Portuguese, -
Period: Dec 1, 1525 to Dec 19, 1526
Peasants' War
Mob violence of peasants. Based on idea of "economic anticlericalism." Used scripture as justification for revolts, but Luther sided with the nobility. Catholic and Protestant nobility crushed the rebellion. Peasants were less enthused by the reformation from then on. -
Dec 1, 1527
Sack of Rome
Part of Hapsburg Valois Wars. HRE Charles V invaded Rome, ending the renaissance. -
Dec 1, 1534
Munster Revolution
Anabaptists take over German city of Munster. Established weird cult /communist society. Lutherans and Catholics united to defeat them. -
Dec 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
Brought religious peace to HRE. Recognizes protestants in HRE. Princes can choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic (Not Calvinist). -
Dec 1, 1559
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Ended Hapsburg Valois Wars. Spain/Hapsburgs were victors. French had to accept Spanish dominance in Italy. Decide to unite as Catholics against other religious. -
Period: Dec 1, 1562 to
French Wars of Religion (esp. War of Three Henris)
Henri of Guise (Catholic) vs. Henri of Navarre/Bourbon (Protestant), with Valois (Catholic) monarchy in the middle. Catherine initially supported Catholic Guise, but married her daughter to Bourbon Henri as backup. This led to St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth get involved. Catholic League vs. Protestant Union. Henri of Guise assassinated by Valois. Monk kills Henri of Valois. Henry of Navarre wins by default. Converts to Catholicism (r.1589-1610). -
Period: Dec 1, 1568 to Dec 1, 1578
Civil War in Netherlands
Spanish Hapsburgs (under Philip II) tried to force Catholicism on Netherlands. Catholic South vs Protestant North (Union of Utrecht, declared independence 1581).England gets involved in support of Protestants. -
Dec 1, 1572
St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre
In between French Wars of Religion. Royal wedding between Valois girl and Bourbon Henri of Navarre. Catherine de 'Medici (Valois), organized with the Guise to kill all the protestants at the wedding. Led to another war. -
Spanish Armada
Philip II (Spain) teams up with Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth's Catholic Cousin). tries to invade England--fails. -
Edict of Nantes
Brought religious tolerance/peace to France under Henry IV (formerly Henri of Navarre) -
Period: to
30 Years' War
Peace of Augsburg deteriorated. Protestant Union vs Catholic League. Ferdinand II (r.1619-1637) very Catholic Hapsburg
Four Phases:
Bohemian (2628-2625)-CL destroys PU uprisings
Danish (1625-1629)-von Wallenstein (crazy) destroys the PU Danish. Land taken in reformation is returned to Catholics
Swedish (1630-1635)-Gustavus Adolphus almost wins, killed in battle when Wallenstein is rehired.
French (1635-1648)-Cardinal Richelieu wants to disunite HRE, even though he's Catholic. French win -
Period: to
English Civil War
Elizabeth had no heir so throne went to Catholic, Scottish Stuarts (James then Charles I). Stuarts don't get along with parliament. leads to war. Royalists (aristocracy, church, nobility) vs Parliamentarians (puritans, merchants, townspeople). Oliver Cromwell rises to power, wins war. Charles I beheaded 1649. -
Treaty of Westphalia
ended 30 Years' War. Destroyed HRE. Independence to Dutch. Territory added to France and Sweden. Brandenburg gets land. Calvinists added to Peace of Augsburg -
Glorious Revolution
After Cromwell's death and the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy, Charles II dies without an heir. The throne goes to James II who is an awful king and very Catholic. Parliament asks the Dutch William of Orange (married to James' daughter Mary, both Protestant) to invade and take over. very little bloodshed -
Period: to
Great Northern War
Russia, under Peer the Great (1682-1725), gains access to a cold water port. This contributes to their rise as a European power. -
Period: to
War of Spanish Succession
Charles II is super inbred and can't have kids. Gives Louis’ grandson the throne from his will, but this would violate a treaty between the European powers in splitting up Spain.
English, Dutch, Austria, Prussia V. France
Put everyone in debt. Little land exchanged -
Treaty of Utrecht
Ends War of Spanish Succession. Stops french expansion into Europe, gives away many holdings in North America and marked the rise of the British empire -
Period: to
War of Austrian Succession
Daughter of Charles VI, Maria Theresa, is only heir of Austria. Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia invade Poland and fight for Maria’s land. Partitions Poland. This goes against the Pragmatic Sanction, but achieves his goals of expanding Prussia -
Period: to
Seven Years' War/War of Revenge
Austria, France and Russia all allied with the goal of conquering Prussia and dividing up its territory. Great Britain allied with Prussia. War fought on 3 continents: Asia (India), America (French and Indian War) and Europe. Prussia survives because the coalition had diverse interests and lacked enthusiasm. Ends when Peter III comes to throne in Russia and calls off attack on Fredrick because he likes him. Ended by Treaty of Paris (1763). England was biggest winner. left everyone in debt -
Treaty of Paris
Ended Seven Years' War/French and Indian War. Huge land gains for England in North America. -
Period: to
Pugachev Rebellion
Pugachev is a peasant who claims to be real tstar and says he's abolishing serfdom. Catherine's noble army beats him, but it puts an end to Catherine’s intentions about reforming the serfdom system. Ends real enlightened absolutism in Russia. -
Period: to
American Revolution/Rebellion
Colonists weren't being treated more unfairly than other English people but they didn't like taxes. France won the war for the US. Spain and Netherlands also declared war on England in 1779 and 1780. Catherine the great hampered the British naval power with League of Armed Neutrality. Treaty of Paris 1783 -
Treaty of Paris
British recognized American independence. Ceded territory between Allegheny and Mississippi. French got screwed over. -
Period: to
French Revolution
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Period: to
French Revolutionary Wars
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Period: to
Napoleonic Wars