-
Jamestown
-Formed by the Virgina Company of London in 1607.
-First permanent Eniglish settlement in North America -
House of Burgesses
-First elected assembly in the New World
-Still operates today as the "General Assembly" -
Start of Slavery
-1st slaves:Jamestown 1619
-Weren't used much at first
-However, by 1700, most labor needs were filled by the forcibible importation of Africans -
Mayflower Compact
-Definiton: Document where they agreed to obey laws created for the general good
-Pledged loyalty to God and the King
-Created a "convenant community" a community based on the promises found in the Mayflower Compact -
French and Indian War
-England and the American colonists fought against France and the Indians
-What caused the war was that both countries wanted the land west of the Appalachians and in Canada -
Treaty of Paris (1763)
-England gained the land west of the Appalachians and in Canada from France
-Was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain. -
Procalmation of 1763
-England prohibtied colonists from settling west of the Appalachians because it cost a lot to protect colonists from Indian attacks there and this angered colonists that wanted to move out there
-was closed down colonial expansion westward, was the measure to affect all thirteen colonies -
Stamp Act
-Placed a tax on legal documents
-Tax was imposed on ALL American colonists and was required to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used -
Boston Massacre
-Colonists and British soldiers in Boston competed over jobs
-A mob of anti-british demonstrators formed, British troops fired into the mob and 5 died -
Boston Tea Party
-England put restrictions on tea
-Colonists boarded tea ships in Boston and threw the tea into the water -
1st Continental Congress
-Was held in Philadelphia
-Meeting of representatives from all 13 colonies except Georgia -
Lexington and Concord
-Beginning of American Revolution
-British troops attacked a colonial weapons stockpile -
2nd Continental Congress
-Created the Continental Army, George Washington was the general
-Issued the "Olive Branch Peteiton" it was the final peace offer and was rejected -
Declaration of Independence
-Issued by the Continental Congress
-Believed British policies were unfair
-Inspired by John Locke and Thomas Paine
-Provided troops for America's army -
Period: to
Critical Period
-Definition:Time period during which the U.S was under the Articles of Confederation
- Successes were the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Nothwest Ordinance of 1787 -
Articles of Confederation
-The newly independent states united into one country: (the United states of America)
-American political leaders they adopted a weak national government at the end of the Revolutionary War because they feared a strong central government like that of England -
Yorkown
-French General Marquis de Lafayette developed a plan
-The French navy blocked the exit of the Chesapeake Bay
-Americans and French surrounded Cornwallis/the British
-Cornwallis surrendered -
Treaty of Paris
-England acknowledged American independece
-The United States' boundaries:Atlanic Ocean to Mississippi River -
Land of Ordinance of 1785
-Established a plan for surveying the western lands
-Adopted by the Continental Congress in the United States -
Annapolis Convention
-Called to settle diputes among states over commerce but ONLY 5 states showed
-They dicided to hold another meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation and the next meeting will be held in Philadelphia -
Shay's Rebellion
-Debt-ridden farmers in Massachusetts rebel due to high taxes
-Local sheriffs seized many farms and some farmers who couldn't pay their debts were put in prison. -
Period: to
Constitutional Convention
-Was held in Philadelphia
- Leaders were George Washington and James Madison -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
-Provided the process for the creation and admission of new states
-Adopted by the Second Continental Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory -
3/5ths Compromise
-Slaves counted as 3/5ths of a person when determining a state's representation in House of Representatives
-Placated southern states -
The Great Compromise
-Created 2-house Congress
1. Senate - each state gets 2 senators
2.House of Represntatives - Representation based on population
-Balanced power between large and small states -
Period: to
Washington's Presidency
-Washington was the 1st president of the United States
-Alexander Hamilton was his Secretary of Treasury -
Judiciary Act of 1789
-Set up the court system
-Three executive departments were created: Departments of States, Treasury, and War -
Bill of Rights
-Written by James Madison
-Deals with rights/liberties
-Definition: The 1st 10 Amendments
-Madison consulted to VA laws when writing the Bill of Rights:
1. Virginia Declaration of Rights by George Mason
2. Virginia Statue or Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson -
Period: to
Cotton Gin
-Invented by Eli Whitney (King Cotton)
-Made cotton-growing very protiable
-Deep South became Cotton Kingdom -
Period: to
Adam's Presidency
-John Adams (Federalists) defeated Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
-Ordered the American navy to start attacking French ships because the French ships had been harassing American ships because they felt the Jay's Treaty had violated the French-American alliance -
Gabe Prosser Revolt
-Richmind, VA
-1800 -
Marybury vs. Madison
-John Marshall declared that the case was a law unconstitutional-The importance was that it established the power of Judicial Review -
Period: to
Jefferson's Presidency
-Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Repiblican) defeated John Adams (Federalists)
-1st peaceful transfer to power from one party to another -
Louisiana Purchase
-Thomas Jefferson bought that land from France
-It doubled the size of the United States
-It included land from the Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains -
Period: to
War of 1812
-The causes were that British interference with American shipping and British aid to Indians in the west
-President Mason called for war, he was supported by southern and western Democratic-Republicans
-Federalists in the northeast Opposed the war because Northeastern Federalists made money trading with Britain and they felt the war helped Southerners and Westerners at their expense -
McCulloch vs. Maryland
-John Marshall declared that the case was upheld the federal governments right to establish a bank and said a state couldn't tax the bank due to national supremacy
-The importance was to establish the doctrine of implied powers and to show the Court could mediate between states and the federal government -
Period: to
Age of Common Man
-Definition:Time when Democracy in the U.S expanded and more people got involved in the electoral process
-Americans no longer let aristocrats make all the decisions -
Susan B. Anthony
-Strong leader of the women's suffrage movement
-Was president of the National American Woman Suffreage Association during 1892-1900 -
Missouri Compromise
-Divided LA Purchase at 36 degrees, 30'
1.North of line: free
2.South of line: slave
-Admitted Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state
-Maintained balanced of slave and free states -
Missouri Compromise
-Divided he Louisiana Purchase at 36 degrees, 30\
*North of line: free
*South of line: slave
-Missouri- slave state
-Maine- free state -
Monroe Doctrine
-Written by James Monroe
-Warned Europe againist future colonization in the Americas, interference in independent country in the Western Hemisphere
-Said the west was different fom Europe.......Europe were Monarchies and Western Hemisphere were Republics
-Said the U.S. wouldn't interfere in Europe affairs
-Cemented the U.S. Policy of isolationism towards Europe until World War I -
Gibbons vs. Ogden
-The case had overturned a steam monoply
-The importance of the case was to confirm the federal governments power over commerce -
Period: to
Andrew Jackson's Presidency
-He lost to Quincy Adams in 1824
-In 1828, Jackson defeated Adams bewcause now more common people could vote and they like Jackson -
Indian Removal Act
-This law passed at Jackson's request
-It forced all Indians east of the Mississippi River to move to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) -
Nat Tuner Revolt
-Southampton, VA
-1832
-Led band of 80 slaves against 4 plantations
-Was caught and hung -
Period: to
Battle of Alamo
-Alamo: olsd mission house
-Texans fortifiedvthemselves there
-Mexican General Santa Anna attacked with superior forces
-They fought until their last man died -
Battle of San Jacinto
-Texans won independene
-Led by Sam Houston
-Established the Republic of Texans -
U.S Annexed Texas
-The Spanish were the first to colonize the states that today make up the American southwest, including the state of Texas.
-In 1845, the Republic of Texas voluntarily asked to become a part of the United States, and the government of the United States agreed to annex the nation. -
Period: to
Mexican War
-President James K. Polk urged war
*Wanted the southwest
*Mexican wouldn't sell
-U.S defeated Mexico easily
-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
*U.S gained the Southwest
~ CA, NV, UT, AZ, CO, NM -
Period: to
California Gold Rush
-1848: Gold was discovered
-"49ers" rushed to California -
Seneca Falls Convention
-1st women's rights convention
-Seneca Falls, New York
-Leader: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Issued the Seneca Falls Declaration
*Document modeled on the Declaration of Independence
*Outlined women's rights and grievanvances -
Compromise of 1850
-California entered as a free state
-Southwestern territories would decide on their own -
Fugitive Slave Law
-Part of Compromise of 1850
-Made it easier to catch runaway slaves
-Mant Norherners refused to enforce this law -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
-Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe
-Portrayed the evils of slavery
-Was widely read
-Increased support in the North for abolition -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Repealed the Missouri Compromise line by giving Kansas and Nebraska "popular sovereignty"
*This meant they could choose
1."Bleeding Kansas"
-Fighting between pro and anti-slavery forces in Kansas
2.Birth of the Republican Party
-Formed to oppose the spread of slavery -
Dred Scot Case
-A slave named Dred Scot sued for freedom after being taken into free territory by his owner
-The Supreme Court ruled that:
*African American aren't citizens so he had no right to use
*Congress had no right to ban slavery in the territories
-This case overturned efforts to limit the spread of slavery -
Election of 1860
-Main issue: slavery
-Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, won -
Battle of Fort Sumter
-Fort Sumter was in South Carolina but it remained under Union (Northern) control
-Confederates fired on Union ships that were there to resupply Fort Sumter
-This was the first battle of the Civil War -
Battle of Antietam
-Lee went North
-Lost at Antietam, Maryland
-Main effect: Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation -
Emancipation Proclamation
1.The Proclamation
-Freed slaves in the "rebelling" states
2.Effects
a.New Northern war aim: abloshing slavery
-Not just restorong the union
b.Discouraged foreign intervention
c.Lincoln started usuing black troops
-At Frederick Douglass's- urging -
Battle of Vicksburg
-Mississippi
-Grant wins
-This cut the Confederacy in half -
Battle of Gettysburg
A.Basic
-1863
-Lee pushed North into Pennsylvania
-3 day battle
-Lee had to retreat
B.Importance
-Turning point of the war -
Gettysburg Address
A. Basics
-Short speech by Lincoln
-Dedicating cemetry
B.Lincoln's Key Ponts
1.U.S. was one nation,not seperate states
2.The war was a struggle to preserve a nation that was:
-dedicated to the idea that all men are created equal -
Period: to
Reconstruction
-Defintion: process of:
1.restorig Southern states to the union
2.determining the position of African American
-The Reconstruction was set up to help the 11 states that seceded become part of the Union again and have Congress seats as well as self-government. -
13th Amendment
-Abolished slavery
-Ratified on December 6, 1865 -
Appomattox Court House
-Lee surrendered
-Lee urged Southerners to accept surrender and unite as Americans
-General Ulysses S. Grant’s goal of cutting off and destroying Lee’s army was close at hand. -
Lincoln's Assassination
-Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
-Shortly after the war
-Was killed in Washington, D.C at a pley in Ford's Theatre -
Reconstruction Act of 1867
-Put South under military occupation
-By Aug., 1868, six states (Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida) had been readmitted to the Union, having ratified the Fourteenth Amendment as required by the first Reconstruction Act. -
Period: to
Election of 1867
-Republican: Rutherford B. Hayes
-Democrat: Samuel J. Tilden
-Disputed election results
-Compromise of 1877
*Deal between Southern Democratic and Northern Republicans
*Hayes would be president
*Republicans would end militry occupaion of South
-Effects:
*Reconstruction ended
*White supremacy was restored -
14th Amendment
-Prohibited states from denying equal rights to any American
-Gave citizenship to blacks
-It forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws -
15th Amendment
-Ratified on February 3, 1870
-Voting rights for African Americans -
Knights of Labor
-Founder: Uriah Stevens -
Jim Crow Laws
-Established separate facilities for whites nd blacks
-Schools, train cars, etc.
-Black facilitis were inferior -
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
-Banned entry of almost all Chinese
-Required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate -
Haymarket Square
-K. of L. protest in Chicago
-Bomb went off near police
-8 strikers convicted -
American Federation of Labor
-Founder: Samuel Gompers
1."Craft Union": only skilled workers
*From multiplies industries
2. Used "collective bargaining":
*Unions & employers negotiate -
Period: to
Progressive Movement
-Excesses og the Gilded Age (Late 1800s)
~Income disparity (gap) b/n rich and poor
~Lavish lfestyle of the rich
~"Robber Barons"
*nickname for wealthy business owners that ripped off workers and consumers
-Poor Working Conditions for Labor (Workers) -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-Prevented "any business structure that restrained trade"
-Goal: outlaw trusts (monopolies)
-Wasn't successful -
Homestead Act
-Carnegie Steel Plant
-Plant manager Henry Frick called the Pinkerton Detectice Agency
-Major gun battle -
American Railway Union
-Founder: Eugene V. Debs
-Railroad workers
-"Industrial Union": skilled and unskilled workers
*From one industry -
Pullman Strike
-By Pullman railroad workers
-Started nationwide RR boycott
-Federal government ended it -
Plessy v. Ferguson
-S.C. said "separate but equal" did not violate the 14th Amendment
-Upheld Jim Crow /laws of segregation -
Treaty of Paris (1898)
-U.S annexed Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
-Cuba became free -
Period: to
Spanish-American War
A.Cubans rebelled against Spanish rule
B.Reasons why the U.S went to war against Spain:
1.The U.S. had business & strategic interests in Cuba
2.Yellow Journalists
- American journalists that sensationalize Spanish brutality in Cuba Ex.) William Randolph, Joseph Pulitzer
3.The de Lome Letter
4.American ship USS Maine exploded outside Cuba
- Yellow press blames the Spanish
C.The War
-The U.S. defeated the Spanish in the Philippines and in Cuba -
Open Door Policy
-By Secretary of State John Hay
-Gave all nations equal trading rights in Cuba
-Called for fair competition
-Goal: end U.S/European competition
-Urged foreigners to obey Chinese law -
Period: to
Boxer Rebellion
-By Chinese "Boxers"
-Goal: remove foreign influence
-Failed -
Platt Amendment
-U.S asserted the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
-It stipulated seven condiotions fot the withdrawl of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War. -
Roosevelt Corollary
-Theodore Roosevelt added to the Monroe Doctrine:
~ reminded Europe not to interfere
~ said U.S. would use force to protect its interests on Latin America -
Period: to
Great Migration
-Def: period from 1910-30 when many African Americans move from the rural South to Northern cities
-Were seeking jobs in Northern industries
-Were fleeing poverty & discrimination of the South
~Still faced problems -
17th Amendment
-Voers elect Senators (not state legislatures)
-Americans did not directly vote for Senators for the firsy 125 years of the Federal Government -
16th Amendment
-Creates federal income tax
-Is a "Progressive Tax"
~higher incomes pay higher rate -
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
-Expand Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-Outlaws price fixing
-Exempts unions from Sherman Act -
Period: to
World War I
- Allies
A.The Sides
1.Allies -Britain, France, Russia, etc. 2.Central Powers -Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc. B.Stalemate developed
- Allies
A.The Sides
-
Panama Canal
-Theodore Roosevelt encouraged Panama to break from Colombia
-Panama succeeded
-Panama gave the U.S. rights to build a canal
-1914: U.S. finished the canal
-Connected the Atlantic to Pacific -
Federal Trade Commissions Act
-Creates FTC
-Investigates business practices -
U.S enters World War I
-U.S, remained neutral for three years
-German submarine warfare
-Zimmermen Telegram
-U.S had close ties to Great Britain -
Fourteen Points
-Woodrow Wilson Peace Plan
A.Goal
-Eliminate the causes of the war
B.Key Ideas:
1. Self-determination
2.Freedom of the sea
3.Mandate System
4.League of Nation -
18th Amendment
-Banned alcohol use
-It did not prohibit the consumption or purchase of alcohol -
Treaty of Versailles
1.Punishment of Germany
a. war guilt clause
b.had to ay reparations
c.couldn't have army
2.Manates
3.National boundaries were redrawn
-created 9 new nations
4.League of Nations -
Period: to
Harlem Renaissance
-Def: exlosion of black intellectual and cultural life
-Ex.) Langston Hughes- black poet -
19th Amendment
-Women gain the right to vote
-At the time the U.S was founded, its female citizens did not share all the same rights as men, includint the right to vote -
Immigration Restriction Act
-Put a quota of how many immigrants could come from each country
-Allowed more from "Old Immigrant" areas than "New Immigrant" areas
-Effect: basically ended immigration for several decades -
Period: to
Scopes Trial
-Tennessee teacher John Scopes was tried for teaching evolution
-Trial sparked a natural debate over evolution -
Period: to
Hoover
-Elected in 1928
-Believe in "Rugged Individualism"
~Called or more individual effort
~Was against direct gov't aid to the needy
-He favored limited gov't
~So, he didn' do much
-Was very popular -
Period: to
Black Tuesday
-The Stock Market Crashed
-Hit Wall Street as investors trade 16,410,030 shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. -
Period: to
Great Depression
-Definition: time of severe economic hardship in the United States
- It was the start of when the Stock Market Crashed also known as "Black Tuesday" -
Period: to
Dust Bowl
-Horile drought on the Great Plains
-As the crops die, the "black blizzards" begin. -
New Deal
-Franklin D. Roosevelt promised a New Deal -
Period: to
Franklin D. Roosevelt
-Franklin D. Roosevelt (Dem.) crushed Hoover (Rep.)
-Promised a "New Deal" -
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- FDIC
-Insures bank deposits
-Regulates banks -
Wagner Act
-Protected workers rights to form unions and engage in collective bargaining -
Social Security Act
-Biggest New Deal Program
-Provides safeguards for workers:
* Disability and unemployment compensatiomn
* Old-age pensions -
CIO
-New union
-Committee for Industrial Organization -
Fair Labor Standards Act
-Set maximum work hours and minimum wages -
Non-Aggression Pact
-Joseph Stalin amd Adolph Hitler agree not to attack each other -
Selective Sevice Act WWII
-Drafted 10 million men into the mlitary -
Selective Service Act World War II
-Drafted 10 million men into the military -
Germany invades Russia
-Germany invaded Poland from the west in September 1939
* Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east and the Baltic countries
-France and Britain finally decalred war on Germany to stop more German expansion -
Pearl Harbor
-Target: U.S. naval base
-Crushed U.S.'s pacfic fleet
-Thousands died
-Franklin D. Roosevelt: "date that will live in infamy" -
U.S declares war
-At Franklin D. Roosevelt's request -
Miracle of Midway
-The U.S. navy beat a larger Japanese force
-Ended the threat to Hawaii -
Korematsu v. U.S
--Supreme Court Internment -
D-Day
- Also known as Normandy Invasion
- The Allies landed in German-occupied France
- Led by Dwight D. Eishenhower
- Faced heavy casualties -Was successful -Began liberation of Western Europe
-
Period: to
Battle of the Bulge
- German counteroffensive
- The Allies soon recobered
-
Period: to
Battle of the Bulge
- German counteroffensive
- The Allies soon recovered
-
War in Europe begins
-Germany invaded Poland from the west in September 1939
* Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east & the Baltic countries
-France and Britain finally declared war on Germany to stop more German expansion -
V-E Day
-Allies from West and Soviet Union from East overran Germany
-Germany surrendered -
Hiroshima A-Bomob
-Japanese cities
-Truman used the atomic bombs against
-Countless deaths
-Trumn did this rather than lose countless Americans in an invasion of Japan
-Japan soon surrendered
* V-J Day -
Nagasaki A-Bomb
- Japanese cities
- Truman used atomic bombs against
- Countless deaths
- Truman did this rather than lose countless Americans in an invasion of Japan -Japan soon surrendered
-
Period: to
Nuremberg Trials
-Postwar trials of Nazis for wa crimes in the Holocaust
* Many convictions
-Emphasized indidvidual responsibility regardless of orders
-Led to increased calls for a Jewish homeland
