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1494
Christopher Columbus
Early Explorer -
1519
Hernando Cortez
Explorer for Spain -
1532
Francisco Pizarro
Explorer for Spain -
1539
Hernande de Soto
Spanish Explorer -
Protestant Reformation
Reforming of Religious Belief -
Jamestown
1st Successful English Settlement! -
Roger Williams
Banished from Massachusetts for because he believed in religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair treatment of the Native Americans -
Anne Hutchinson
Brought up on heresy charges for challenging authority of Puritan ministers and leaders -
Pequot War
Pequot were virtually wiped put by the English -
Period: to
King Phillip’s War
Wampanoag Indians in the Plymouth were defeated and marked the end to Indian resistance in New England -
Fort Duquesne
Fort Duquesne was built by the French -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris Ended the French and Indian War -
Proclamation of 1763
Forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and put the territory under British military control. -
Boston Massacre
A clash between British troops and townspeople in Boston in 1770. The British fired into a crowd that was threatening them, killing five civilians and wounding 6 others. -
Treaty of Paris
The end of the American Revolution -
Treaty of Greenville
tribes lost the southern 2/3 of what is now Ohio and the Ohio River as a boundary between white settlers and Native American tribes -
Land Ordinance of 1785
-Congress sold tracts of land to raise money
-Divided land into 36-square-mile units with Unit 16 set aside for schools
-Divided the Ohio Territory -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
-Created guidelines for admission as states in the US
-At 5,000 settlers, territory could send a non-voting representative to Congress
-At 60,000 settlers, territory could apply for statehood
-Outlawed slavery in the area -
The United States Constitution
Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation but decided to create a new constitution -
Judiciary Act of 1789
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Textile Mills
First textile mills in America were opened by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1791 -
Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin
- Cotton gin- 1793 - cleaned the seeds out of cotton
- Sped up the cleaning of seeds
- Increased the need for slavery
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Jay’s Treaty - Great Britain - 1794
British began stopping US ships bound for France and impressing seamen (taking US sailors captive and forcing them to serve the British) -
Pinckney’s Treaty - Spain - 1795
Spain was afraid of an alliance between Great Britain and the US. So the U.S stayed neutral. -
Period: to
Amendments 11-27
Amendments added to the Constitution between 1795 and 1992 to protect the rights of citizens in the United States -
Election of 1796
-Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) v. John Adams (Federalist)
-John Adams elected as the 2nd -
Period: to
Twelfth Amendment
As a result of the Elections of 1796 and 1800, in which votes were cast for all candidates, including running mates for Vice President, the Electoral College was required to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President -
Eli Whitney - Interchangeable Parts
- Introduced with muskets in 1798
- Henry Ford - Assembly Line
- Parts of one musket could be used as parts for another musket
- Basis for industrial development in the US
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Convention of 1800
Convention of 1800 resolved the conflict between US and France - delicate balance with no alliance to avoid war with Great Britain -
Election Of 1800
-Battle between the Federalists and Democratic Republicans
-Thomas Jefferson is elected into office
-Ran against John Adams -
Corps of Discovery left St. Louis, Missouri
Lewis and Clark Expedition -
The Corps of Discovery returned to St. Louis
Lewis and Clark Expedition
- 2 years and 4 months later -
Embargo Act of 1807
-President Jefferson declared an embargo(no trade) with Britain and France
-Jefferson’s alternative to war
-Believed it would hurt Britain
-It hurt the U.S rather the European countries -
Robert Fulton - Steam Boat
- Launched the first successful steamboat service in 1807
- Steamboats decreased travel time - made trips shorter
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James Madison
Elected as fourth president of the U.S -
Treaty of Ghent 1812
- Ended the War of 1812 - no gains for either side
- Land boundaries returned to pre-war status
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War of 1812
A conflict between Native Americans and white settlers over Louisiana Territory. A conflict between Britsh troops as well -
James Monroe Elected President
5th President of the United States
- “Era of Good Feelings” -
Panic of 1819
The US faced widespread economic problems
- Foreclosures
- Bank failures
- Unemployment
- A slump in agriculture and manufacturing -
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled that Congress had the right to establish a national bank under the Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause of the Constitution -
Adams Onis Treaty
US acquired Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana Territory (US territory through the Louisiana Purchase) and Spanish territory in the west -
James Monroe reelected
Elected president -
Missouri Compromise
- The extension of slavery into new territories divides the North and South - conflict over state’s rights
- North of the line (except Missouri), slavery was banned
- South of the line, slavery was legal
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Texas
Mexico gained independence from Spain - Texas part of Mexico -
Monroe Doctrine
- Stated American continents were no longer open to colonization - the US would view any attempt as an act of aggression
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Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled that only Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce and foreign trade -
Election of 1824
-John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson - both were Democratic Republicans
- Neither candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the Electoral College
- Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, threw his support to John Quincy Adams, and Adams was elected president
- Adams named Henry Clay his Secretary of State - Jackson called the election a “corrupt bargain” -
Erie Canal
- Opened in 1825
- Increase in trade, decrease in shipping rates and shipping time
- Connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean
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New Harmony
1825 - Share everything, live in harmony -
Tariff of Abominations
- Protective tariff designed to protect northern manufacturing from competition from cheaper British imports
- Upset the south - detrimental to the southern cotton economy
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Election of 1828
- Andrew Jackson elected president
- Jackson defeated Adams in part as a result of the Tariff of Abominations
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Indian Removal Act
Congress passed the Indian Removal Act - authorized the removal of Native Americans from the SE United States -
Stephen Austin
led a group of settlers to Texas - Mexican government led by General Santa Anna exerted control over settlers -
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
- Virginia
- Led by a slave - Nat Turner - rebellion was a failure
- 1831 - Caused the south to strengthen slave codes (laws restricting activities and conduct of slaves)
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William Lloyd Garrison
- Founded The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper - 1831
- Used the freedom of the press to get his message out.
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Election of 1832
- Jackson won re-election
- Portrayed the national banks as institutions for the wealthy, rich, and powerful - “pet banks”
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Worcester v. Georgia - 1832
- The Cherokee appealed to the US Supreme Court
- The court ruled that the Cherokee had a right to remain on their land and could not be forcibly removed
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South Carolina Nullification Crisis
- South Carolina began protesting the Tariff of Abominations - high tariffs on British imports
- 1832 - SC threatened to secede if the tariffs were not repealed
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The Whig Party
- Jackson enemies felt he acted like a king - “King Andrew”
- National Republicans changed their name to the Whig Party in 1833
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Cyrus McCormick - Mechanical Reaper
- Increased productivity
- Made harvesting wheat easier
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Trail of Tears
-Troops sent to round up Cherokee and move them to Oklahoma
- 800 mile march in 1835
- Over a quarter of the Cherokee died from disease, starvation, and weather exposure -
Sam Houston
led the settlers into a rebellion - declared Texas independence -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren elected -
Texas
Texans took Santa Anna hostage - agreed to recognize the Republic of Texas -
John Deere - Steel Plow
- Allowed farmers to plow and grow crops in areas out west that’s land was too dry or hard
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Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison elected -
Brook Farm
- 1841 - Based on transcendentalism
- Thoreau, Emerson
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The National Road
- Completed in 1841
- Stretched 800 miles west
- By 1840, a network of roads connected most of the cities and towns in the US
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty
- Signed in 1842 by Daniel Webster of US and Lord Ashburton of Great Britain
- Established the United States’ northern border with Canada in Maine and Minnesota
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Samuel F.B. Morse - Telegraph
- Telegraph - device that sends messages using electricity through wires-Instant communication
- Communication a revolutionized-whole different way of sending msgs
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Election of 1844
Won by Democrat James K. Polk - first “dark horse” winner in US history -
Oregon
President Polk approached Britain proclaiming “54-40, or fight!” - claimed the US had rightful claims to Oregon territory -
Texas
- Texas requested annexation to become part of the United States
- Texas becomes a slave state
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Oregon
Oregon became a state in 1846 -
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico -
Sewing Machine
- Elias Howe had the first patent on a sewing machine in the United States
- Helped to increase the speed of manufacturing of textiles
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Period: to
Mexican War
- Mexico upset over US annexation of Texas
- Polk sent troops to Texas border to settle US-Mexico border dispute and to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico
- Mexican president refused to talk and was soon followed
- Congress declared war on May 12, 1846 - Mexico eventually surrendered
- War was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Called for the Mexican Cession
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Brigham Young
Led the Mormons West to Utah for settlement in 1847 -
Oneida
1848 - Every man married to every woman - “free love’ -
Mexican Cession
Mexico gave up New Mexico and California territories to the United States in exchange for payment -
Gold in California
Gold was discovered in California in 1848 -
Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor (Whig) elected President over Lewis Cass (Democrat) and Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil) -
Women’s Rights Movement Seneca Falls Convention
- Stanton called for women to be given the right to vote
- Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth
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Gold Rush
- Gold Rush of 1849 – Settlers moving west in search for gold
- Called ’49’ers
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California
California enters the union as a free state due to the Compromise of 1850 -
Compromise of 1850
- Henry Clay offers a compromise to maintain a balance between the free and slave states
- California admitted as a free state
- Unorganized territories declared free
- Utah and New Mexico territories were to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty
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Death of President Taylor
- July 9, 1850 – President Zachary Taylor died of cholera
- VP Millard Fillmore became President
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Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Democrat) elected president over Winfield Scott (Whig) and John P. Hale (Free-Soil) -
Gadsden Purchase
Land purchased to run a transcontinental railroad -
Kansas Nebraska Act
- Allowed free and previously unorganized territories of Kansas and Nebraska to vote on the issue of slavery - popular sovereignty
- Repealed the Missouri Compromise
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Know-Nothings
- Also known as the American Party
- Wanted to rid the country of immigrants and alcohol
- Became part of the Republican Party after 1856
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Election of 1856
James Buchanan (Democrat) elected president over John C. Fremont (Republicans) and Millard Fillmore (Whig & American {Know-Nothings} -
Election of 1860
- Douglas, Lincoln, Breckinridge run
- Lincoln wins the election with no southern electoral votes
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Secession
South Carolina was the first state to secede on December 20, 1860 -
Secession
By February 1861, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas seceded from the Union -
First Battle of Bull Run
- The first battle between the Union and Confederate army
- CONFEDERATE VICTORY
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Fort Sumter – First Shots Fired
- Lincoln sent food for the troops, but before it arrived, Confederate soldiers opened fire
- Union troops surrendered the following day
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Antietam
- bloodiest single day of the war
- 23,000 killed in one day
- UNION VICTORY for McClellan
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Vicksburg
- Union wanted control of the Mississippi River
- UNION VICTORY
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Fredericksburg, Virginia
- A large number of Union casualties
- CONFEDERATE VICTORY
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Homestead Act
Anyone who would agree to cultivate 160 acres of land for 5 years would receive title to that land from the federal government -
Morrill Land Grant Act
States used money from the sale of land to finance agricultural colleges -
Emancipation Proclamation
- Freed the slaves in the Confederate states while preserving slavery in the border states that were still loyal to the union
- Encouraged free African Americans to serve in the army
- Lincoln hoped to give the war a moral purpose – “preserve the Union”
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Chancellorsville, Virginia
- Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson killed
- CONFEDERATE VICTORY
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Ulysses S. Grant
Initially, in charge of the western forces; a general who assumed command of the Union army in 1864 -
Election of 1864
- Lincoln elected to a second term
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Appomattox – End of the War
- Grant surrounds Lee outside of Richmond, Virginia
- Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House – Virginia
- End of the Civil War!!!
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
- Guaranteed no person, regardless of race, would be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law
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Grant Elected President
- Ulysses S. Grant elected in 1868
- The administration is known for corruption
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Election of 1872
- Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) re-elected president over Horace Greeley (Democratic)
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Election of 1876
- Samuel Tilden (Democrat) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
- Hayes won the election
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Compromise 1877
- Compromise of 1877 settled the issue of the winner
- for the election of 1876
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Oklahoma Land Rush
- People given land in Oklahoma to encourage settlement
- Settlers came rushing from all around to claim land
- Native Americans forced off the land
