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1442
Christopher Columbus
Christopher caused the Colombian exchange, when he sailed the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the Americas. His expedition led armed conquests of native tribes, the start of new nations to come and new country’s to be formed. -
1517
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, and composer until he was struck by lightning and became a monk. He wrote the 95 thesis, which questioned the Catholic Churches practices because they should be able to buy forgiveness for their sins. He also stated that the Bible could be logically interpreted. -
1521
La Florida
Juan Ponce De Leon, was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who discovered and explored Florida during his journey to find the fountain of youth. He brought African and Puerto Rican slaves along with him during his journey. Juan died with an enemies arrow in Havana, Cuba. -
The 13 Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies consisted of New Hampshire, MAssachusttes, New York,Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The colonies were ruled by the British, which sprouted tension between them and eventually leads to the American Revolution. -
England’s Civil War
The English Civil war was caused by conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists over England’s government. King Charles I, supported the royalists and was beheaded during the war. Then King Charles II, was put on the throne and he created new North American Colonies. Which sprouted King Philips war. -
Bacon’s Rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion occurred in the colony of Virginia and was led by Nathaniel Bacon. He led a militia who were against natives, and they retaliated against them in attacks. Governor Barkley told them not to. A civil war broke out between the two sides due to all of the fighting and arguing. -
England’s Glorious Revolution
James II was removed from being asking due to England’s fear of Catholics. His Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William became co-rulers. Catholics suffered an ton in New England and they could not hold office in Maryland. The revolution negatively affected the North American colonies. -
The Plantation World
Slavery has been becoming more popular and dominating the institution for the plantion industry. Many people were slaves, even the children who had white fathers and black mothers. Slaves suffered greatly during their voyages to new lands. A famous slave named Olaudah Equiano, wrote and article describing his experiences he went through when traveling to the new world. -
Religious Landscape
The Protestants were becoming more diverse and people preferred enlightenment instead of faith. The great Awakening caused religious rivals led by Johnathan Edwards. He converted to a new relationship with God. A man from England came to America to spread the word of God. The best speaker was Ben Franklin. They Founded religious institutions of Yale, Dartmouth, and Princeton. -
The war for Independence
What started the American Revolution was the battle of Lexington and Concord, which was the “Shot heard ‘round the world.” The inevitable break with England was the battle of Bunker Hill. During the entire war slaves fought for both sides. Also during the war the second continental congress was formed along with the continental army. -
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is basically a goodbye letter to King George III and the British. It is not a form of government which some people have mistaken it for. Thomas Jefferson wrote the rough draft of the Declaration. The final draft was presented to the second continental congress. -
The Battle of Yorktown
This battle occurred in Virginia, Yorktown. It was the battle that caused the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Previously the Patriots had another victory in Cowspen, South Carolina. It was almost the end of the war. But the official end of the war was when the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783. -
Shay’s Rebellion
Years after the war had ended many former soilders faced a ton of economic hardship and they demanded relief from it all. The state legislature refused their demands. Then Daniel Shay led a rebellion to shut down the courts to stop the processing for foreclosure. The rebellion then aimed to overthrow the state government but the state militia supposed it. The rebellion terrified the elite of the nation and led to them creating a stronger national government. -
The Constitutional Convention
Every state shows up except for Rhode Island. They came together to write a lasting constitution for the future. The electoral college created the law for a president to only be allowed to serve two, four year terms. The president was also granted to have executive power, but congress had more power over them, so the president can be vetoed by them. -
Adopting the Constitution
When then constitution was signed it had to be ratified by the states. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of papers entitled the federalist papers, to persuade the people for ratification. On the other hand the anti-federalists wanted a strong national government that would be able to take away the power of the states. It caused the creation of the bill of rights and the 10 amendments. -
The Election of 1789
George Washington won the election of 1789 and became Americas first president. He won unanimously against John Adams, who became Washington’s Vice President. The first every presidential cabinet consisted of Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Know, and Edmund Randolph. Each of them served a purpose for the country, and even though they didn’t get along with each other, Washington knew they would be a good cabinet. -
The Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was created by Alexander Hamilton and they believed in a strong central government. They admired the British and wanted England’s economic system. The sponsored the alien and sedation acts and they favored the national bank which Alexander Hamilton, had created. They opposed the opposite party of the Democratic-Republic led Thomas Jefferson, who was Hamiltons biggest enemy. -
The Election of 1800
The Election was between Aaron Burr, and Thomas Jefferson. John Adams was also involved but no one wanted him back in office. The main people in the running were democratic-republicans and the party equally voted for both of them. The votes tied, but then Alexander Hamilton, despite their aweful history together, voted for Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson became America’s third president. -
The Second Great Awakening
Religion has spread everywhere. Baptists and the Methodists have become the largest Protestant dominations. Religion has even spread to the slave quarters. The slave attended white churches, but were forced to sit in the back. The priests preached to the slaves about freedom, and to obey their masters. People put this practice to an end due to the growing fear that the slaves would eventually revolt. -
The Adventures of Lewis and Clark
Merwether Lewis and William Clark headed out to reach the pacific from St. Louis. During their journey in North Dakota they met a woman by the name of Sacagowea Shshone. She was probably around sixteen years old when’s he joined Lewis and Clark. She became the wife of a French fur trader and was the sister of the village chief. After Sacagowea died, Clark became the guardian of her two children. -
The War of 1812
The war of 1812 was caused by the growing tension between France and England, and England and America. The British impressment on America was threatening liberties and freedom. During the war the British supported the Indians. In 1814 the British raided Washington D.C. in the dead of night and burned the Executive Building. Which inspired the “Star Spangled Banner” our national anthem. On December, 1814 the treaty of Ghent ends the war. -
The Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney. His invention caused slavery to increase in the south due to the fact that it is easier to pick cotton, but the cotton gin still needed someone to work the machine. The increase in slavery led to millions of slaves to be force migrated to the cotton industry for their labor. Slave communities formed, and the slaves focused on faith and hope as their main priorities. -
Transportation
Transportation was become more popular and more of a necessity for transporting goods. One form of transportation was through canals. The famous Erie Canal stretched from New York City, all the way down to the Ohio valley. But canals were short lived when steamboats came into existence. The steamboat allowed transportation and shipping in both directions. Then finally roads became a thing and transportation became better and it allowed for the growth of the national market. -
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
The Missouri compromise was the reason Missouri became a state. The compromise sprouted a debate between the north and the south over issues of slavery, and it led to the rise of abolition. The reason for the debates was because if Missouri became a state, then it would tilt the balance of power in the senate to the south. -
The Indian Removal Act
Five civilized Indian tribes were expanding in size and were forming their own alphabet and their own newspaper. Their expanded tribes were hard to remove. But congress passed the Indian removal act which forced all the Indians to move to Oklahoma. It led to the trail of tears where many Indians died along the way and the last of the Cherokees were gone from their original homes. -
The Nullification Crisis
John C. Calhoun was the rival of President Jackson and his Vice President. He was a supporter of state rights and for states to be able to nullify any federal laws. South Carolina voted to nullify the tariff of abominations. The nullification crisis would devastate the southern economy. The south voted to nullify tariff. -
The common school
The Mount Holyoke College was a school for women since women did not have an opportunity for an education. Horace Mann established the state board of education and helped establish the standards for mass, but he was opposed by Jackson and the Catholics. Another man by the name of McGuffey’s Reader created a handbook for readin, and it focused speaking skills, hard work, patriotism, and morality. -
The Election of 1844
The election of 1844 was in opposition to Manifest Destiny. The Election was between Henry Clay, who was a Whig, James K. Polk, who was a democrat, and John C. Calhoun. The election was won by James K. Polk who became the America’s 11th president. He supported the Manifest Destiny. Right before John Tyler leaves office he adds Texas as a state. -
The United States War With Mexico
The war is caused by the despite about the borders between Mexico and Texas. President Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Rio Grande to resolve the disputes. The war led to the capture of New Mexico and for it to become a new state. To try and end the war the treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo was put in place. The treat caused the purchase of the lower part of Arizona and New Mexico. -
Seneca Falls Convention
This was the beginning of the woman’s rights movement. Sarah Grimke was a writer who stressed that men and women should have equal rights. All female abolitionist pushed for equality. The movement focused on equal education, equal property rights, and equal rights to obtain a divorce. -
The California Gold Rush
When California became a free state, San Francisco became a major eastern port. It enhanced the Uhaling industry on the pacific coast. Many people moved to California to be closer to the increasing gold. When people heard about the gold rush most people migrated there by land. The mining camps were lawless, and the people who sold to the miners became extremely wealthy. -
Slavery in the 1850s
Slavery has increased since the creation of the cotton gin and cotton has become an important institution. In the north abolition grew. The underground railroads aided in the escape of run away slaves. People referred to as the “conductors” assisted with their escape to canada. Harriet Tubman, a famous former slave, was an abolitionist along with Fredrick Douglass. Through out it all many slave revolts occurred. A man named Nat Turner, lived in Virginia killed 60 whites, due to rage. -
Abolition
Many people are fighting for freedom. Women, slaves, former slaves, and white men are becoming abolitionist to end slavery and free everyone. The abolitionist believed that everyone should have equal rights and equal opportunities. A man by the name of William Lloyd Garrison was called the liberator on the newspapers. He claimed that the constitution protected slavery, but it actually did the opposite. -
The Transcontinental Railroad
Stephen Douglas, senator of Nebraska, proposed popular sovereignty. It proposed to provide power to the settlers to decide the fate of the territories. This act threatened to dissolve the Missouri Compromise. Which inevitably the act was passed and it did undo the Missouri Compromise. The outcome formed a new political party called the Republican. -
Harper’s Ferry
John Brown was an extreme abolitionist, who tried to lead a slave insurrection in Virginia. The United States Army quickly put down his planned attack. Brown became a martyr for the cause to ending slavery. -
The Election of 1860
The candidates for this election consisted of Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglass, John Breckinridge, and John Bell. The election was won by America’s 16th president, Abraham Lincoln. When Lincoln was inaugurated, he extended the Missouri Compromise all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Lincoln said for all states to be free-states. Lincolns decision made the south want to succeed, but he reminded the south that their decision will not be able to be accomplished. -
The Civil War
The first battle of the Civil War was at Bull Run. Citizens came out to watch the bloody battles while on a picnic. After the battle, the north realized that the war wont be easy. As strategy the north blocked the souths commerce. General George McClellan failed to capture Richmond, the confedertates capitol. The single most bloodiest day was the battle of Antietam. -
The Emancipation Proclomation
President Lincoln’s proclomation had no intention on attacking states that already own slavery, it was meant to keep the Union together. After the battle of Antietam Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclomation. The proclamation freed the slaves that were in rebellion, and thousands of them joined in the fight for freedom. It sprouted the Massachusetts 54th. -
The End of the Civil War
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was the turning point of the Civil War, due to Pickett’s charge and how so many officers were killed during the attack. The end of the war was when the 13th amendment was passed ending all slavery. When Lincoln ordered the southern states to be under control of military districts until everything was sorted out, the next morning Lincoln was shot in the head. -
The Freedman’s Bureau
The Civil War has just ended and the citizens of America want to rebuild. The radical republicans want to give former slaves their own land and the rights to vote. Not everyone was on baord with that idea. The people created the freedmen’s Bureau for the ex-slaves. The bureau was established by Lincoln to assist former slaves. It provided the slaves with; Medical assistance, an education, temporary shelter, provisions, clothing, and it aided them to buy their own land. -
Redemption Period
The first ever African American senator was, Hiram Revels. Twenty-two blacks served in Congress during the reconstruction period. During this period people also saw the rise of white and black teachers. The former slave tended to work in their old plantation, due to the fact that they need work. Share cropping became the new arrangement for the country during this period. -
Western Tribes
The western tribes consisted of the Comanche, Navajo, and the Apache. The Comanche were fierce warriors who relied on the bison for food, so they migrated to wherever they went. The government did not want their tribes to be wondering around, so they created reservations for them, with occasional hunting. The Navajo and the Apache were natural enemies that were forced to be on the same resevation. During the California gold rush, people ignored the boundaries of the reservations. -
The Victorian Era
This era was the start of the Christmas celebration, and the start of department stores like Macey’s. Urban development improved the water and sewer systems. It cut down many diseases that were sprouting due to the issue. It improved the transportation. Missionaries of the Protestant faith went to China, India, and Hawaii. -
The Segregated South
The segregated south was created because of hatred they had toward blacks. This led to the rise of hate crimes and organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. Their plan was to cripple and terrorize the freedman and everyone who aided in their freedom. But violence has been occurring, even before the KKK. Those malicious acts caused African Americans to disappear from the senate. Congress then passed the enforcement act to protect the former slaves. -
Cowboys
Cowboys consisted of former slave, former confederate soldiers, Indians, and people from Mexican descent. The men came from different backgrounds, and women never wanted to be a part of it. They hung out in saloons and got rowdy. A man by the name of Charles Goodnight, created the Chuck Wagon, which provided food and bedding for roundups and trail drives. -
Mines
The mines were created to collect minerals and precious materials from the earth. Miners collected all sorts of materials, like gold, silver, and coal. The industry was male dominated. Once an ore was no longer found in a town, the town was often deserted and left to be a ghost town. It sprouted conflicts like train robbers. -
Immigration
The immigrants at this time were mainly Jewish and Catholic. The migrated because of poverty. Ellis Island in New York City was an island where the Chinese will enter to America, and they were tested to see if they were fit for working in America. America was referred to as a melting pot, but in reality the people of different cultures and religions tended to stick together and live together. Immigrants came to America to seek freedom from their former lives that weren’t all that great. -
Technology
Technology has increased in popularity since Alexander Graham Bell invented a new way to comunicate without mail. Thomas Edison was the most productive American inventor, since he created the phonograph, stock printing, and the light bulb. Henry Ford created affordable cars for everyone. And Nikolai Tesla allowed for people to have electricity in their homes. The Wright brother invernted and flew the first ever airplane. Their invention made life easier, and increased business.
