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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights- the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality
-Civil rights activists worked to end segregation
-their direct action was change working to achieve equal rights between all races -
Dodgers HIRE Jackie Robinson
Color line is a barrier that separates whites from nonwhites
-Jackie Robinson and the Dodgers- break the color line
- Jackie Robinson became the first black MLB player in 1947 when he took the field. -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation- grouping people by race
-President Truman signs the Executive Order 9981 calling for equality of opportunity and treatment between all races in the military
-when this order was signed desegregation became the official policy of the military -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam- black muslims learning the teachings from Elijah Muhammad
-Malcom X- a leader that teaches Nation of Islam
- Malcom X was an advocate for black nationalism meaning he supported having a complete separation from the white society -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall- NAACP's lead attorney
-The Brown case stayed in the Supreme Court for a year and a half.
-NAACP vs Supreme court
-deleted the basics of segregation -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott- withdraw of relation with someone or something
-Rosa Parks- a black woman from Montgomery that refused to give her bus seat to a white man.
MLK lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock nine- the first nine black students to attend a white high school
-Integration of Central High School was ordered by a federal judge who said these schools need to be desegregated -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws & Sit-In- state and local laws enforcing racial segregation
- four black students ordered food and were denied
- they stayed at the counter waiting until they closed -
Freedom Rides
-SNCC-Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- college students from who organize sit-ins and other nonviolent protests
-Civil Disobedience- a nonviolent way to say no to obey a law that the protester considers to be fair.
-Freedom Rides- Tested whether southern states were obeying the law -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
-King and the SCLC pledged to use nonviolent resistance to redeem “the soul of America.”
-These people worked for a betterment of civil rights for blacks -
March on Washington
-NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People worked to enforce equal rights
- March on Washington- a protest in which more than 250,000 people participated in leaded by MLK. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson- case at Supreme Court about discrimination
-banned discrimination of race or sex
-Lyndon B Johnson pushed this bill to pass -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise- not giving someone the right to vote
-Voting Rights Act of 1965 gave African Americans a safer way to vote in which increased the percentage of people that voted significantly. -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission- the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that said the riot was caused by white racism
-Ghettos-a part of a city taken over by a specific ethnic group
-Watts Riot- six days of riot in an African American ghetto in Los Angeles -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black power-power to shape public policy through the political process
-SNCC-Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-Black Panther was a political symbol meaning they would do whatever was needed unable to survive -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination- an unjust way of treatment toward those who are different then you
Civil Rights act of 1968 banned discrimination sales and gave the government the ability to file lawsuits against those who didn't obey this law -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation- the separation of certain people
-In North Carolina's Charlotte-Mecklenburg School District people used buses to go to different schools to desegregate the schools. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action- a policy that makes employers limit the minority of their workforce
-Regents of the University of California v. Bakke- a supreme court ruling stating that affirmative action should be upheld
