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Period: to
Enlighment
Enlighment (democratic government and natural rights) as cause of revolutions
Seven year war between France and Britain. It became global. -
Mechanized Loom
Edmund Cartrite patented a Mechanized Loom that could be powered by water, faster weaving led to shortages in yarn so the spinning process needed to be increased. -
The Flying Shuttle
John K patented The Flying Shuttle which sped up the weaving process. -
Railways
In 1758, the first act of Parliament to authorize the construction of a railway was to enable Charles Brandling to move coal from his coilery in Middleton to Leeds. -
Beginning of the Industrial Revolution
There were new agricultural advances led to less workers needed for farming. Britain was experiencing a population boom. A major factor was Britain’s colonial supremacy. The process involved two major parts: spinning and weaving. -
James Watt's engine
James Watt, a scottish engineer, built an engine that was powered by steam. It was able to pump water from mines much more efficiently than a previous engine model by Thomas newman. -
The Textile Industry
The Textile Industry was one of the first to embrace steam power on a large scale. -
New prosperous class
The Industrial Revolution also led to the creation of a new prosperous class of industrialists who could amass huge fortune enabling them or their descendants to join the old elite. -
The Industrial Revolution.
Modern factories became increasingly a commonplace in many towns and cities, transforming british cities, the economy, society and politics.
Arnold Toynbee called it The Industrial Revolution. -
Canals
In 1761, the Duke of Bridgewater opened a canal between his coilery at Worsley and Manchester, which within weeks from its opening halved the price of the coal. -
Spinning Jenny
James Harres perfected the Spinning Jenny which allowed a single spinner to work multiple spools of thread simultaneously. Soon after a breakthrough in technology pushed textile production through the roof. -
The automobile
1769- The invention of the automobile by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot: three-wheeled steam powered tractor.
1885- “The first true automobile” also called Benz Patent-Motorwagen.
1886- Daimler Motorized Carriage.
1908-1927: mass production of the Model T (Ford)
Latter half of the 1800s- New consumer society: cheaper transportation and manufacturing of goods. -
Cromford Mill
In 1771, a five story building was built in Cromford Derbyshire. It was the world's first successful water-powered cotton spinning mill and one of the world's first modern factories, developed by Richard Arkwright. At the beginning, there were two hundred workers (men, women and children). -
American Revolution
Inspired by democratic government in each colony, british debt caused by Seven Years War, taxes, major public revolts. Declaration of Independence from Britain. Sets of the age of revolutions. -
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Saratoga first major american victory. -
Factories
The use of railways led to the creation of modern factories. Due to infrastructure, transport, worker housing and commercial services, factories were located in cities, which accelerated urbanization. -
Battle of Yorktown
Battle of Yorktown last major victory -
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris granted the american independence.
Birth of a new american democratic form of government inspired by Enlighment. Inspired incoming revolutions. -
Start of The French Revolution
Weak king, debt, social inequity, high food prices, lost Seven Years War. Estates-General National Assembly; storming of the Bastille; Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Women's March on Versailles. -
Socialism
The dismal conditions in the mines, factories and housing conditions gave rise to a reform movement called SOCIALISM. It was based on cooperation. It was carried out by Utopian Socialists, they believed that society could be transformed peacefully and through the goodwill and moral conviction of people. -
Royal family
Royal family tries to flee from Paris. -
Revolts from Slaves
First revolts from slaves and free people of color in Haiti following French and American Revolutions inspired by the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen; the idea that all men are equal, and the revolts can be succesful just as in America. -
17,000 victims
17,000 casualties as a result of revolts, protests and massacres of prisoners. -
Reign of Terror
Louis XVI and Marie-Antoniette executed by guillotine. -
Death of Robespierre by guillotine
End of Reign of Terror. Rise of Napoleon as self-proclaimed emperor. End of absolutism in France, nationalism spreads over Europe. -
British's goods
British cotton goods were being sold all over the world. Iron production also changed fairly rapidly after centuries of very little change. -
Wheel Virgin Steam
It could do the work of 953 horses. -
Labour
In the cotton industry, labour gradually shifted from working in the home to taking up better paid jobs in the mills. This led to precarious work where workers called for improved living conditions, employment rights, children's education and the vote, to ensure Parliament listen these demands. -
New Political Parties and Labour Unions
In late 1800s, a new political parties and labour unions formed based on the ideas of a new kind of socialism. -
Richard Travic's locomotive
Richard Travic built a locomotive for the padan ironworks in south wales to transport iron. by the tail end of the industrial revolution around the mid 1800s, britain was arguably the richest state on earth; britain emerged as the global economic and industrial leader, overtaking regions such as china and india, this is called the great divergence.
Now the dominant powers, Austria, Prussia, Russia and Britain met at the congress of Vienna in 1814. -
Haitian independence
Haitian independence from France -
Conservative reaction to radical changes of the French Revolution
The congress was a complex diplomatic event lasting until 1815 but was only the beginning of widespread conservative reaction to the radical changes of The French Revolution. The peace was maintained through the concert of Europe which was based on the principle that the major powers of Europe, initially Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and later France would work together to solve international disputes and maintained peace and stability. -
Turnpike Road
New Turnpike roads were constructed paid for by tolls on passing traffic. This dramatically reduced inland journey times. -
Electricity
There were new forms of energy:
Lightbulb (1879)
Electric cars (1830) and subways (1890) -
Reform Act of 1832 (Whigs)
REFORM ACT OF 1832 (Whigs): It changed the British electoral system giving the vote to middle class men, leaving working men disappointed. -
Sir Robert Peel
Sir Robert Peel was the son of a cotton textile manufacturer. These were the men who successfully secured the vote with the Great Reform Act. -
The Factory Act
The Factory Act, introduced by the Parliament, served as a regulatory law. It restricted working hours for those under 18 years old and outright prohibited work for those under nine years old. Child labor decreased. -
Period: to
Queen Victoria
She came to the throne at 18 and ruled for over 63 years. The VICTORIAN ERA was a period of great industrial, cultural, political, scientific and military change within the United Kingdom. It was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire -
Factory work
After the industrial revolution, the new bouris became those who built factories and bought the machines for their workers to run.
Women and children labor. Child labor became much more extreme. -
Communication
New forms of communication:
Telephone (1876)
First radio waves sent across the Atlantic by Marconi (1901)
Sea travel in large ocean liners (1840)
Air travel with plane (1903) -
Coal
Steam engine needed a efficient and controllable source of heat which coal provided. Thank to improvement in mining technology and natural abundance of coal in Britain, this could be extracted in greater quantities than ever before. As a consequence, this freed the economy from its earlier energy constraints. -
Steel
It appeared a new material which was useful for railways, ships and weapons. This was steel. -
Canals
There were over 2000 miles of canal in use. -
Period: to
Crimean War
It was a war between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire. -
Treaty of Paris
Black Sea neutrality
Return of conquered territories
Ottomans admitted to Concert of Europe -
Napoleon
Napoleon III began to liberalize his regime allowing for more public debate and legislative power. Durin Napoleon’s rule, the French economy grew rapidly with the expansion of the Railway Network, significant investment in industry and the promotion of the banking sector. -
Victor Emanuel II
Italy was proclaimed as a kingdom under the king Victor Emanuel II -
Reform Act 1867 (Conservatives)
It increased the number of men who could vote in elections. -
The fall of the Second French Empire
The fall of the second French Empire was a period of political turmoil. -
Cottonopolis
Manchester became the world's first industrial city and the centre of the cotton industry. -
Germany: Dominant Industrial Power
In the 2nd industrial revolution, Germany was the dominant industrial power. Western and Central Europe had a more advanced industrial core with a higher standard of living. -
Nationalist and Liberal elements.
Nationalist and liberal elements won out over autocracy. -
Period: to
Second Industrial Revolution
It was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardisation, mass production and industrialisation from 1870 to 1914. There was rapid industrial development in Western Europe, North America and Japon. Also, there were technological, socio-economic and cultural changes -
Period: to
The Belle Epoque
The Belle Epoque (in France) was period characterized by:
Optimism.
Economic prosperity
Cultural flourishing -
French Constitution
The French constitution was established. -
April uprising
The Ottomans suppressed a rebellion in Bulgaria called the “April uprising”. -
The Russo-Turkish War
In The Russo-Turkish War, Russia declared war on The Ottomans. The Ottomans surrendered. -
The Treaty of San Stefano
The Treaty of San Stefano reduced Ottoman influence in the Balkans. By the summer, the treaty was modified by the congress of Berlin and the Balkan map was redrawn. -
The Dual Alliance
It was a defensive alliance were Germany and Austria Hungary agree to come to each other’s aid if they were attacked by Russia. It was aimed at isolating France. -
The Dual Alliance
Italy joined the alliance seeking support against France. -
Treaty with Russia
Bismarck (chancellor of Germany) signed a different treaty with Russia. -
Period: to
Reign of Wilhelm II
Germany was an authoritarian state with a strong military and industrial power. -
Willhelm II
Wilhelm II abandoned the treaty with Russia. -
Dual Entente
It was an alliance between France and Russia. -
Labour Party
A new labour party was created. -
Period: to
The Edwarian Era.
The Edwardian era was a period of peace and prosperity from 1901 to 1910.
The era was marked by significant changes:
Cultural elegance
Advancements in fashion
Rise of the middle class -
The Russo-Japanese War
Entente cordiale was an alliance between Britain and France.
It was The Russo-Japanese War. -
First Russian Revolution
It was the defeat of the Russian Baltic fleet at the Battle of Tsushima.
The First Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political and social unrest spread throughout the Russian Empire. -
The Russian constitution
The Russian constitution was established. Women suffrage in Finland. -
Triple Entente
It was an informal military alliance between the United Kingdom, French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. -
Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary announces its annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. -
Albanian Declaration of Independence
Albanian Declaration of Independence.
First Balkan War- Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro banded together to form the Balkan league declaring war to drive out the Ottomans. The league achieved rapid success. -
Treaty of Bucharest
Bulgaria lost most of the territory it had gained in the First Balkan War to Serbia, Greece and Romania. The Ottoman Empire regained some territories. -
Treaty of Constantinople.
It was the Treaty of Constantinople between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -
Treaty of London
The Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its European territories with significant gains for the Balkan league. -
The Second Balkan War
Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece in a bid to revise the division of territories.
The Second Balkan War: the Bulgarian forces suffered several defeats. -
End of the 19th century.
The 19th century was over.
Mass society: society characterized by large scale, impersonal and somewhat homogenized social structures and institutions.
Mass production: the more people moved to the city the more people were available to work at factories which lead to Mass consumption.
Mass media: newspaper, radio and television.
Mass education: on governance, health and welfare.
Mass politics: the shift from autocracy to democracy lead to the involvement of all classes.