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In Wittenberg, Germany, Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses, which are opposed to papal indulgences and sin atonement by monetary payment. -
The maps and textbooks on geography were completely revised as a result of Magellan's expedition. He was the first to discover the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the southernmost tip of South America, which now bears his name.
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Hernán Cortés' Spanish conquistadors joined forces with native tribes to take control of Tenochtitlán, the capital city of the Aztecs. After 93 days of siege by Cortés' army, the Spanish were able to take Tenochtitlán because of their superior weaponry and a deadly smallpox epidemic. -
Bbur, a Chagatai Turkic prince founded the dynasty. On his mother's side, he was related to Chagatai, the second son of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan, and on his father's to the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane).
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The Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, established the separation from the Catholic Church and designated the king as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Henry VIII asked the pope in 1527 to declare his marriage null and void, but the pope declined. In reaction, measures removing papal power in England were passed by the Reformation Parliament (1532–1534).
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Pizarro, a Spanish explorer, established a new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish empire after executing the new emperor due to an advantage he gained due to a civil war breaking out after the old emperor died and both of his sons claimed the throne. The Incas were no threat to the Spanish.
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The French Wars of Religion, which lasted 36 years and involved eight battles between Protestant and Catholic forces in France, came to an end when Protestant King Henry IV converted to Catholicism for the sake of peace. Even though the final wars were won by Protestant forces, Catholicism prevailed, and France remained a country with a large Catholic population.
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Between 1577 and 1580, Drake made a circumnavigation of the globe. To raid Spanish ships and ports was the trip's intended goal. He discovered that Tierra del Fuego, the land south of the Magellan Strait, was not another continent as Europeans believed, but instead a group of islands. -
It was a joint-stock corporation established in England, and later Britain, in 1600 that was dissolved in 1874. It was established to engage in trade with the East Indies and later, East Asia, in the Indian Ocean region. -
The United Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie), which was founded in 1602, brought together a number of small trading firms that had established trade relations with East Asia and India in the latter part of the sixteenth century. -
A string of conflicts involving different European countries began in 1618 when the king of Bohemia (who would later become the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II) attempted to impose Catholicism over his realms. Due to the Protestant nobles' uprising, most of continental Europe was at war by the 1630s. -
The beautiful mausoleum in Agra, India, is a timeless memorial to a husband's devotion to his preferred wife. It is made of excellent marble. It also serves as a timeless example of the technological and aesthetic achievements of a powerful empire. It was constructed by Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, in honor of Mumtaz Mahal, a Muslim Persian princess and his third and favorite wife indeed, their soul mate. -
Fighting in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I and opposing groups in each of Charles's kingdoms, including Parliamentarians in England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in Ireland, is known as the English Civil Wars, also known as the Great Rebellion.
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Beijing was conquered by a rebel army on April 24, 1644, under the command of Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who led the peasant uprising and established the Shun dynasty. In the royal garden outside the Forbidden City, the Chongzhen Emperor, the final Ming emperor, hanged himself on a tree.
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The inheritance of the Habsburg domains by Charles's daughter Maria Theresa was in question. When Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740, the war officially started. His triumph implied that the Habsburg dominions were defenseless, which prompted other nations to join the conflict. The Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty put an end to the war. -
A world war that lasted from 1756 to 1763 and involved two coalitions of nations: France and its allies and Great Britain and its allies. An earlier regional struggle in North America between Great Britain and France. The commercial and imperial competition between Britain and France, as well as the hostility between Prussia (a British ally) and Austria, were the main causes of the war (allied to France). -
Native Americans were exploited by soldiers to work the mines and till the land. The encomienda system was the name of this system of forced labor. Along with other elites, church leaders created a political power bloc. Priests attempted to prevent Native Americans from becoming slaves by converting them to Catholicism. The Counter-Reformational religious order known as the Jesuits established hospitals, erected schools, and imparted agricultural knowledge.
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Was an uprising that occurred in 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies between 1775 and 1783. It led to the founding of the independent United States of America, which was established with the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The British attempts to increase authority over the colonies and make them repay the crown for defending them during the French and Indian War were largely met with colonial resistance, which is largely responsible for its onset. -
The Northwest Ordinance, also known as the Ordinance of 1787, defined the procedure for admitting a new state to the Union and ensured that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states. It also established a government for the Northwest Territory. The Northwest Ordinance, one of the Confederation Congress's most significant pieces of legislation, forbade slavery in the new territory. -
When he convened the Estates General, King Louis XVI needed to raise more money but was unable to do so. Instead, it evolved into a protest against the government of France. -
He was found guilty of a plot with foreign powers and received a death sentence from the French National Convention. He died by guillotine. His execution represented the long-awaited end of France's unbroken 1,000-year reign of absolute monarchy and the nation's actual transition to democracy.