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Evidence of iron smelting in Nigeria and central Niger. Spreads to rest of West Africa -
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Wood headrest with curved rectangular top with projecting tab at each end, incised circular motif and a rectangular support which stands on a flat rectangular base. -
Given the scattered nature of the Arabic sources and the ambiguity of the existing archaeological record, it is difficult to determine when and how Ghana declined and fell. The earliest descriptions of the Empire are vague as to its maximum extent -
Gold coin in square cardstock envelope, thin, circular with double square (or lozenge according to the orientation established by the hole at either side) and Arabic script, pearled border. Almohad Dynasty, Fez mint. Depositor's notes written on envelope: Almohad/Abu-Muhammad 'Abd-/al Mu'min ibn 'Ali/AH 524-58 AD 1130-63/Gold 1/2 dinar 2.22 gm/No date (struck 1148-63)/Hazard 456 -
Ceramic figure seated cross-legged. Upper arms missing. -
Standing male figure of an archer with a quiver slung diagonally across his right shoulder in back. The figure's lower right arm and hand are missing as is his right foot. -
Equestrian figure with a quiver slung across the back diagonally from the right shoulder down. -
The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I.
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Cast copper alloy cross with a central four-cross openwork design encircled by openwork triangular patterns. A hollow tubular shaft would have fit over the end of a pole to be carried aloft during religious processionals. -
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The Mandinka themselves that would cause the final destruction of the empire. Around 1610,Mahmud IV died -
The Songhai state has existed in one form or another for over a thousand years if one traces its rulers from the first settlement in Gao to its semi-vassal status under the Mali Empire through its continuation in Niger as the Dendi Kingdom. -
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