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500 BCE
Discovery of evidence of iron smelting in Nigeria
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Period: 300 to 1200
Ghana was the first of the three early African empires
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800
Islam is spread throughout Africa
The introduction of the camel, which preceded Muslims and Islam by several centuries -
830
Ghana's first ruling dynasty's begining is uncertain
it is first mentioned in documentary sources around 830 CE -
830
The introduction of the camel was revolutionary
The introduction of the camel, which preceded Muslims and Islam by several centuries, brought about a gradual change in trade, and for the first time, the extensive gold, ivory trade, and salt resources of the region could be sent north and east to population centers in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe in exchange for manufactured goods. -
Period: 970 to 1076
Ghana's decline
Given the scattered nature of the Arabic sources and the ambiguity of the existing archaeological record, it is difficult to determine when and how Ghana declined and fell. The earliest descriptions of the Empire are vague as to its maximum extent, Ghana had forced Awdaghast in the desert to accept its rule sometime between 970 and 1054.
A tradition in historiography maintains that Ghana fell when it was sacked by the Almoravid movement in 1076 -
1000
Iron technology spread throughout Africa
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1067
Ghana's Capital
The empire’s capital is believed to have been at Koumbi Saleh on the rim of the Sahara desert. According to the description of the town left in 1067, the capital was actually two cities six miles apart but “between these two towns are continuous habitations”, so that they might be said to have merged into one.The major part of the city was called El-Ghaba and was the residence of the king. -
1067
Ghana's Politics
It is mentioned that the king had officials who surrounded his throne when he gave justice, and these included the sons of the kings of his country. In 1067 Ghana was surrounded by independent kingdoms -
1076
Ancient Ghana at last fell
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Period: 1200 to 1500
Mali was the next empire
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1300
Mali's economy
The Mali Empire flourished because of trade above all else.The empire taxed every ounce of gold or salt that entered its borders. By the beginning of the 14th century, Mali was the source of almost half the Old World’s gold. The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were organized as both staging posts in the long-distance caravan trade and trading centers for the various West African products. slavery was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire. -
1300
Mali's Military
The frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited a capable military. The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional, full-time army in order to defend its borders. The entire nation was mobilized. Contemporary historians present during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its army at 100,000 with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. -
Period: 1464 to
Songhai is the last empire
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1550
Mali's downfall
After the defeat of the mansa, Manden gained respect from Morocco, possibly avoiding Songhai's fate. After Mahmud IV's death, Manden split into three spheres of influence ruled by different sons, leading to the end of the Mali Empire. Kangaba, Siguiri, and Hamana became the capitals of each sphere, each ruler using the title of mansa. Despite internal strife, the Mandinka remained control until the mid-17th century, warring with each other more than outsiders but uniting against common threats.