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Emancipation Proclomation
Gave freedom to slaves in rebel-held territory in the south. Slaves in states loyal to the Union were not freed. It was a political and military tactic -
13th Amendment passed
Formally abolished slavery. Freed 3.5 million slaves. Meant that African Americans could now:
- Have their plantation marriages legalised
- worship freely in their own churches
- own property
- travel freely -
South Carolina's Freedmen's Convention
The appeal ran as follows
'We simply ask that we be recognised as men; that we have the right of trial by jury of our peers; that schools be established for the education of coloured children as well as white ... that no impediments be put in the way of acquiring homesteads for ourselves and our people; that in short we are dealt with as others are - in equity and justice.' -
Freedman's Bureau set up
- Set up by federal gov to short term support free slaves & provide basis for long term security.
- Supported black self-help groups provide education for black children & adults
- Head: General Oliver Howard.
- Traditional curriculum would train black lawyers, scientists and teachers and indirectly future leaders.
- But educational advances only for small minority
- By 1890 65% black children in south illiterate compared to 15% white
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Lincoln assassinated
assassinated at Ford theatre by a Southern Democrat John Wilkes Booth. -
KKK set up
- Used terror and violence against black people and their supporters
- In Memphis, there were 3 days of violence after a white and black carriage crashed into each other. The violence killed 46 people, and 5 women were raped.
- In New Orleans, in July African Americans travelling to vote were attacked. 34 killed, 100 injured
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Civil Right Act
Asserted all races (other Native Americans) were full citizens of the US, even if thewy had previously been slaves. -
Military Reconstruction Act
Divided the South into Military districts to try and force the South to ensure that African Americans would get their rights. -
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Reconstruction
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Impeachment of President Johnson
Johnson kept vetoing any legislation that Congress wanted to pass that could help the African Americans. This all culminated in the impeachment of Johnsons, which failed but did end up weakening Johnson politically and meant that he saw the remaining year of his Presidency quietly, which allowed reconstruction to continue the way that Radical Republicans wanted. -
14th Amendment
- Gave all black ppl citizenship and equal protection under law
- Made right to Citizenship of all naturalised citizens clear and made clear their rights couldn’t be removed w/o ‘due process of law’
- S2 made it clear that if Southern States tried to stop black ppl voting, they would receive smaller representation in House of Representatives
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15th Amendment
Forbade the denial of vote to any man on the basis of colour, race or ‘previous conditions of servitude -
22 black people elected to congress
twenty to the House of Representatives and two (from Mississippi) to the Senate. -
Freedman's Bureau closed down
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Slaughterhouse Case
Supreme Court decided that the rights of citizens should stay under state rather than federal control. It ruled that the 14th amendment to the Constitution protected a person's individual rights but not their civil rights, that is rights granted at the discretion of the civil government, the state. In the future these latter rights would be eroded. This was the first of a number of victories for advocates of states rights that would impede the granting of civil rights to African Americans -
Blanche K. Bruce elected to Senate
Unlike Minister Hiram Revels who only managed to stay in for one year, Bruce sat for the full 6 year term from 1875-1881. Although he gained the support of a number of leading White Republicans in the State government, he never gained the support of others and failed to advance Civil Rights for black people in general. -
Hayes-Tilden Compromise
- Formally ended reconstruction after Presidential elections in November 1876 where the votes for both Democrat and Republican Presidents were close
- The Democrats agreed to accept a Republican President as long as Reconstruction ended
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Small group of A.A's start moving to Harlem, NY
Led to formation of first black ghetto. In the North, they frequently experienced discrimination, their employment opportunities, housing quality, low education levels, and effective confinement to specific areas meant that their QoL did not significantly improve. Interracial violence remained a big aspect of their lives.
However, there was a greater possibility of franchise and their combined votes were capable of determining the outcome of local elections. Strong black culture developed. -
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Grover Cleveland
He did not question white supremacy. He once boasted that he had never shared a dining table with a black person. -
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Development of Jim Crow Laws
Developed rapidly when 8 Southern States introduced formal segregation on trains, three of them extending this to waiting room facilities. Reinforced school segregation laws -
Segregation laws formally and rapidly extended to cover all public places
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Grover Cleveland
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Plessy v Ferguson
This case set the legal precedent for segregation in all forms of public life. It set out the principle of 'separate but equal'. In reality, they were separate but black facilities were of lower standard. -
Mississippi v Williams
ruled the Mississippi poll tax and similar devices were constitutional and did not breach the 15th Amendment. This was significant as it undermined black voting rights in the same way that Plessy v Ferguson had given the green light to segregation -
Cummings v Board of Education
The principle of 'separate but equal' was extended to schools, but even here, a greater amount of money was spent on white schools. -
25% of black farmers owned their land
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America in WW1
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America in WW2