-
Washington's Presidency
Washington unanimously elected president. John Adams is elected vice president. Appoints Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Henry Knox as Secretary of War. -
French Revolution
further divides political parties in America. Federalists support Britain and oppose France. Republicans support France. -
Hamilton’s Financial Report
Focused on the need for revenue and credit, the faith of merchants and other nations that the US would pay its debts. Compromise- support in exchange for creation of a national capital closer to southern interests. -
Period: to
Transportation Revolution
Creation of canals and roads, helps connect and integrate US economy. West grows foodstuffs, North manufactures, South produces staple cash crops. 1807- Robert Fulton successfully demonstrates a steam boat “Clement.”. Erie Canal- Funded by state of New York, July 4, 1817 started, finished 1825. Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin in 1793. Lowell Mills. Founded by Francis Lowell and other investors. A cotton to cloth factory. Relies on southern cotton. Immigration contributed to population growth. -
John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson
Adams win the most votes and becomes president. Jefferson wins the second most votes and becomes vice president. 1796-1800- John Adams presidency continued party hostility. 1798- Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts. Alien Acts- President has power to arrest and deport aliens suspected of treasonable acts. Sedition Acts- Writing, printing or saying “false, scandalous or malicious statements against the government punishable by fines and imprisonment.” -
Election of 1800- Jefferson vs. Adams
Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie. Vote has to go to the house of representatives. After much deliberation the House of Representatives chooses Jefferson. Jefferson’s Presidency- Louisiana Purchase in 1803. US purchased Louisiana Territory from France. 800,000 sq. miles for $15,000,000. Lewis and Clark explore and observe, landscape, people, and resources (1804-1806). -
Embargo Act
Napoleonic wars in Europe. British impressment. By 1807, 6,000 American sailors impressed into British service. Congress passes Embargo Act. Bans American trade with Europe. Creates hostility between Federalists and Republicans. -
Period: to
Madison’s Presidency
War of 1812 (1812-1814). Reasons for war- Protect American Honor, Potential for easy victory, and acquire new territories. War declared in 1812. America invades British Canada-fails. Britain invades US, captures and burns Washington D.C. (1814). US victorious at the Battle of New Orleans (1815). End of the Federalist Party. Hartford Convention in 1814. Meeting of discontented Federalists. Opposition to the war undermines the Federalist Party. Treaty of Ghent ends war. -
Period: to
Nullification Crisis
Congress passes tariffs in 1816 and 1824. Tariffs hurt the southern states and benefit the northern states. -
Period: to
Monroe’s Presidency
“Era of good feelings.” Two major developments. Renewal of sectional rivalry and assertion of American nationalism. 1820-Missouri Compromise. Raises for the first time the westward expansion of slavery. Admitted as a slave state. Maine applied for statehood in 1820. Missouri Compromise Line- any territory north of the 36’30’. Line applied to slavery. -
Period: to
Second Great Awakening
Charles Finney. Burned over district. Emphasized personal role in salvation. Methodists, expansion of education, reform societies, primitive Christianity. -
Period: to
Manifest Destiny
The belief that America had a special, devine destiny to create a continental empire of liberty stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Expansion limited by presence of neighboring countries. Texas-American settlement-Moses Austin (1820) Stephen Austin (1821). Begins selling land to American emigrants. By 1824- 2,000 settlers. By mid 1830s- 40,000 settlers. -
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams wins. “Corrupt bargain” Henry Clay -Secretary of State. -
Period: to
Utopia-shakers
Create Utopian Settlements in NY, PA, and OH. Up to around , members total. Advocate celibacy. Oneida (1836) New Harmony, Indiana (1824) Robert Owen. Shakers-Mother Ann Lee (Quaker). United Society of Christs Second Appearing. Reform-Temperance-American Temperance Society 1826. Penitentiaries, Asylums: Dorothy Dix, Public Schools: Horace Mann. -
Mormons
Mormons founded by Joseph Smith. Pursuit of individual perfectionism. Persecuted for beliefs. Support polygrams, baptism of the dead, etc. Joseph Smith killed in 1844. Brigham Young leads mormons to Utah. -
Tariffs
Congress passes another tariff. Southerners call it the ‘Tariff of Abominations.’ South Carolina’s legislature publishes the South Carolina Exposition and Protest.Outlines the right of nullification and even succession. Authored by John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s VP). Jackson is determined to maintain the federal union and maintain the power of the federal government. Threatens military action. South carolina forced to back down. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
Elected president in 1828. As president Jackson engages in three major conflicts - War with Indians, War over state’s rights, and war with the National Bank. Emergence of 2nd party system. Federalists-Republicans. Jackson encourages the removal of Indians. Congress passes an Indian removal act in 1830. Provides funds for relocation Indian Tribes. Supreme Court declares that Georgia has no right to remove the Indians. Jackson ignores. About 15,000 Indians travelled west along the Trail of Tears. -
Maine prohibits the manufacturing and sale of alcohol.
-
Period: to
Abolitionism
Immediatism vs. gradualism. William Lloyd Garrison publishes the Liberator in 1831. American anti-slavery society. Frederick Douglass- former slave and abolitionist leader. Becomes an author of abolitionist paper “The NorthStar”. Women’s Rights- Seneca Fall Convention in New York. Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . 1848-Declaration of Sentiments. -
Texas Rebellion
Texans rise in rebellion against Mexico due to slavery and taxes. Mexican president/general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. The Alamo (March, 1836). Texas victorious- Sam Houston. Battle of San Jacinto (April, 1836). Texas independent. Sam Houston elected president of Texas in 1836. Tries to join US in 1837, rejected. -
James Polk
President James K. Polk claims that US has an unquestionable right to Oregon. Oregon officially divided between Britain and US at 49’ parallel. Annexation of Texas in 1845. -
Period: to
Mexican and American War.
Causes- conflict over Texas, US expansion, California. Polk requests a declaration for war from Congress. Mexico quickly defeated. Signs the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Mexico cedes an enormous amount of territory to the US. Gold Rush. Leads to rapid increase in California’s population. 1848-14,000. 1849-100,000. 1860-380,000. -
Period: to
Consequences of War with Mexico
Entrance of California as a free state threatens to upset sectional equilibrium. Wilmot proviso of 1846. Provision to ban expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories. Passes in House of Representatives. Fails in Senate. Provokes fear in the South. Compromise of 1850. California admitted as a free state. Remainder of newly acquired territory would be organized as two territories. Territories would decide on slavery issue-Popular Sovereignty. Abolition of slave trade in Washington D.C. -
Period: to
Crises of the 1850s
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) Authored by Stephen Douglas, organizes Louisiana Territory into two new territories. Opens them up for settlement. Bleeding Kansas (1854-1856). Sack of Louisiana (1855) Pottawattamie (1855) James Brown. Charles Sumner - the crime against Kansas. Preston Brooks. -
Election of 1856
Emergence of Republican Party. Sectional election. James Buchanan is elected. Dred Scott Decision (1857) Court rules that Scott was not a citizen and congress had no power to bar slavery from territory. Harpers Ferry (1859) James Brown- hoped to trigger a slave rebellion. Captured and executed. Celebrated in North. Condemned in South. -
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln. Union broken. Lincoln is elected as 16th president over divided Democratic Party. Lincoln is the 1st elected Republican Party president. Lincoln’s victory signaled the secession of the southern states. By the time Lincoln was inaugurated (3/4/1861) 7 states seceded. The Confederate States of America was established. President was Jefferson Davis. -
Fort Sumter
Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Held by Union troops. Confederates bombard in April 1861. Union had many advantages to begin the war. Bull Run (July 21,1861) 1st major battle of the Civil War. Anaconda plan-long term plan to defeat the Confederacy. Blockade the coast. Gain control of the Mississippi River. -
Period: to
War in the West and East
Ulysses S. Grant. Union general in the west. Major victories- Shiloh (April 1862). War in the East. Series of Confederate victories (1862). Antietam (September 1862). War against slavery. Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863). Free slaves in Confederacy. Transforms war into fight against slavery. -
Period: to
Turning Points
Vicksburg (July 1863) Union seizes control of the Mississippi River, a major strategic advantage. Gettysburg (July 1863) Lee once again invades the North, a major defeat for the South. Union Triumph- Sherman’s March to Sea. Capture of Atlanta (1864). March to Sea, destroys Southern morale. Appomattox Courthouse. Grant defeats Lee repeatedly in 1864-1865 ultimately forcing hi surrender in April 1865. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
“The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 may have given some 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period (1865-1877) introduced a new set of significant challenges... . In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces–including the Ku Klux Klan–would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South” -From History.com