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1491
Isabella & Ferdinand unify Spain
By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII reigns in England
He was a powerful and charismatic person and possibly best known for his extensive love life and the establishment of the Church of England. -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth I reigns England
She was very well-educated, fluent in five languages, and had inherited intelligence, and had determination and shrewdness from both parents. Her 45-year reign is generally considered one of the most glorious in English history. -
Edict of Nantes
effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism -
Period: to
Sabastian Bach height of his career
He reached the height of his career during the Baroque Era, and he is sometimes considered "the composer of the Baroque Era". -
Don Quixote is published
Don Quixote is thought to explore the balance between reality and imagination, realism and idealism, and the human's grappling with inevitable death. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. -
Petition of Right signed
asked for a settlement of Parliament's complaints against the King's non-parliamentary taxation and imprisonments without trial, plus the unlawfulness of martial law and forced billets -
Period: to
Louis XIV reigns as king of France
succeeded his father, Louis XIII, as king at the age of five -
Peace of Westphalia is signed
this ended the thirty year war -
Period: to
Charles II reigns England
His political adaptability enabled him to guide his country through the religious unrest between Anglicans, Catholics, and dissenters. -
Period: to
Peter the Great reigns as czar of Russia
He was determined that Russia should become and remain a great European power. -
Glorious Revolution
Within 30 years of Charles II's restoration to the throne in 1660, England was once again on the verge of civil war -
John Locke publishes “Two Treatises of Government”
This was worked on quite a while before it was published by John Locke. In it, Locke proposed that the government emerges from the consent of the government to protect their natural rights. -
English Bill of Rights signed
established that the monarchy could not rule without consent of Parliament. this is what the English bill of rights is, and when it was signed -
Daniel Dafoe published “Robinson Crusoe”
tells the 'true story', narrated retrospectively in the first person, of a young Englishman who, against the wishes of his parents, sets sail on a dangerous sea voyage -
Jonathan Swift publishes “Gulliver’s Travels”
Travels into several Remote Nations of the World -
Period: to
Frederick II reigns Prussia
this was a guy that ruled Prussia -
Baron de Montesquieu published "The Laws of Spirit"
"The Spirit of Laws" is about a comparative study of three types of government republic, monarchy, and despotism. -
Denis Diderot publishes his “Encyclopedia”
The Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts Et Des Métiers -
Period: to
Seven Years War
a conflict between France and Great Britain that began in 1754 as a dispute over North American land claims in the region around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -
Voltaire publishes “Candide”
satirical novel -
Period: to
George III reigns England
Under George III Britain lost America, but resisted the French under Napoleon Bonaparte. Britain also prospered, industrialization exploded at home and colonies abroad expanded. -
Period: to
Catherine Great reigns Russia
Catherine the great ruled over Russia, she was the long female to ever rule Russia (34 years) -
Period: to
Joseph II reigns Austria
He implemented numerous reforms in the Hapsburg Monarchy, some of them far-reaching, in the name of 'usefulness'. -
Boston Massacre
a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers -
Boston Tea Party
American colonists were angry with the British government for "taxation without representation" and dumped tea imported from another country into the harbor. -
Intolerable Acts
a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party -
The Battle of Lexington and Concord
This was the battle that marked the start of the American War of Independence -
Adam Smith published “Wealth of Nations”
The central thesis of "The Wealth of Nations" is that our individual need to fulfill self-interest results in societal benefit. -
Declaration of Independence signed
The Declaration of Independence was signed by delegates at the Pennsylvania State House, later known as Independence Hall. -
Battle of Yorktown
Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown effectively ended the Revolutionary War. Lacking the financial resources to raise a new army, the British government allowed the Americans to have peace. -
Treaty of Paris
France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. -
Tennis Court Oath
the National Assembly swore not to stop meeting until France had a constitution -
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Liberty, Property, Safety and Resistance to Oppression to any man -
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Written in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man to show that women have rights just as much as men do. -
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
This book states clearly that when society gives women more rights, it is fairer and women can equally contribute to the world alongside men. -
National Convention Formed
The National Convention was the French First Republic for the the whole duration of the French Revolution. -
Period: to
Radical Phase (French Revolution)
Initially, the monarchy was abolished and a republic was established. War continued throughout Europe. After the radicals gained control, those who were against the revolution were subject to arrest or execution. -
Period: to
Reign of Terror (French Revolution)
The Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic -
Committee of Public Safety created
defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government -
Period: to
Five Man Directory created
France was ruled by a five-man executive committee called the Directory and a legislature of two chambers: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients -
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor
seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état -
Battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire. -
Battle of Trafalgar
The British were keen to destroy the Franco-Spanish fleet, which the believed posed a threat to the British security and
dominance of the seas. -
Battle of Leipzig
The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Napoleon exiled to Elba
Napoleon Bonaparte is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba. -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
after he was defeated by the British at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 -
Jean Jacque Rousseau publishes “Social Contract”
people could only experience true freedom if they lived in a civil society that ensured the rights and well-being of its citizens