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Period: Dec 3, 1533 to Mar 28, 1534
Reign of Ivan the Terrible
During his reign the first printing press was introduced to Russia (although the first Russian printers Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets had to flee from Moscow to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). -
Period: Jul 25, 1554 to
Reign of Phillip II
After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Spain -
Period: Jul 24, 1567 to
Reign of James I
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Aug 23, 1572
St. Barholomew's Day Massacre
Was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. -
Period: to
Reign of Henry of Navarre
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Signing of the edict of Nantes
This granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. -
Period: to
Reign of Oliver Cromwell.
In a 2002 BBC poll in Britain, Cromwell was elected as one of the Top 10 Britons of all time.[4] His measures against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterised as genocidal or near-genocidal.[5] In Ireland his record is harshly criticised.[6] -
Period: to
Reign of Charles I
Many members were opposed to the king marrying a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Roman Catholics and undermine the official establishment of Protestantism. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
This was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting -
Cardinal Richelieu appointed
Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he fostered -
Period: to
English Civil War
This was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). -
Period: to
Signing of the Peace of Westphalia
A series of Peace Treatys that ended the thirty years war, and the eighty years war. These treaties involved the Holy Empire, Ferdiand III, and also the House of Habsburg. -
Restoration of English Crown
of the monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The term Restoration may apply both to the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and to the period immediately following the event. -
Reign of Louis XIV
Louis commenced his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on bankruptcy. -
Louis XIV assumes full control of France
He inherited the most powerful country in Eurpoe and expanded his power throughout his life. He was also immensely popular, -
Period: to
Reign of Peter the Great
Tsar Peter I of Russia is more usually described as 'Peter the Great'. As a young man, he travelled to Europe in 1697–98 to study new developments in technology, especially shipbuilding. -
Glorious Revolution
also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of England. -
English Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights (a short title[1]) is an act of the Parliament of England, the long title of which is "An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown". It is often called the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament on 16 December 1689 -
Period: to
War of Spanish Succession
was fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. -
Period: to
Reign of Frederick the Great
He was titled King in Prussia because this was only part of historic Prussia; he was to declare himself King of Prussia after acquiring most of the rest in 1772 -
Reign of Maria Theresa
Emperor Francis I died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. She completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater.
