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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights(citizens rights and freedom/equality)
-The organization(Congress of Racial Equality) was very committed to changing the ways of the world with nonviolent actions
-Their first peaceful protest at a segregated coffee shop in Chicago was what helped get people's attention -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
-Color line(a barrier created by economic differences that separated whites from blacks)
-This barrier was present in baseball until Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers manager
-Fans made fun of him people didn't like him and even his own teammates hated playing with a black man -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation(being separated from someone because of your race)
- Truman signed an executive order saying there is not allowed to be any discrimination or segregation in armed forces
-Most African Americans said that they would refuse to serve in a segregated army -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam(religious group also known as black muslims), Malcom X(leader of black nationalism)
-Black nationalism was a doctrine that called for complete separation form the white society
-Black Muslims did this by trying to come completely independent from the white society even if that meant creating their own businesses, schools, a d communities -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall(naacp's lead attorney for the case
-This case went all the way to the supreme court and NAACP won
-Thurgood Marshall was famous for the way he proves his point which was the "doll test" -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott-protesting & Rosa Parks- an African American women that refused to give up her seat to a white person
-MIA(Montgomery Improvement Association) started the Montgomery Bus Boycott and chose MLK to be the leader of this protest
-African Americans organized carpool system or walked so they didn't have to ride the bus -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock 9-first nine black students integrated into a white school
-Little Rock Nine students were not welcomed into their new school
-Students were escorted with troops to their school -
First lunch counter sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws(the laws that enforced racial segregation in the south) & Sit-ins (when protesters sit down in a public place and refuse to move
-Four African American Students sat down at a restaurant and ordered their food but were denied service
-This caught people's attention and the next day 20 more people joined them -
Freedom Rides
-Civil disobedience( disobeying laws that you believe are unjust in a nonviolent way)
- SNCC trained their students to disobey laws in a nonviolent way if they considered them unjust
-Seven blacks and six whites got on two busses and went south to see if southern states were following the supreme courts ruling -
Birmingham campaign
-SCLC(Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
-Martin Luther King was the leader of this campaign
-At the end of this series of campaigns the city finally came to a deal desegregating all public facilities after 90 days -
March on Washington
-NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
-The march on Washington was created/organized by leaders of the country's major civil rights organizations
-250,000 people marched on this day including union members, clergy, students, entertainers -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson a case of the US supreme court that upheld racial segregation laws in public facilities
-Even after Kennedy's assassination LBJ continued to push for the bill
-This was the most important civil rights bill that passed since reconstruction -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise(denying someone the right to vote)
-This act act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
-The federal government had to make sure that people that weren't being denied when they went to go vote -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
-Kerner Commission(the comission that decided white racism is what caused the watts riot) ghettos(a part of a city where a certain ethnic group lives)
-A race riot went off in an African American ghetto in LA
-34 people died, almost 900 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested, this could not be controlled until 14,000 National Guard members went to fix it -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black power(shaping public policy through a political process) SNCC(Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
-The Black Panther Party was a program that provided services for blacks in their community
- Bobby Seale and Huey Newton claimed that they named this organization this because it was a vicious animal who would not back down if it was attacked -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination-prejudice
-With MLK being the leader him, some realtors, bankers, and the black community began the process to have open housing in Chicago
-Nothing happened until after MLK was assassinated, after this the congress passed a law that said no discrimination in house sales or rentals -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation(he ending of a policy of racial segregation)
-Chief Justice Warren Burger stated that "Desegregation plans cannot be limited to walk-in schools"
-Because most children lived in predominantly white or black neighborhoods or areas they usually attended all-black or all-white schools anyway -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action(a policy that called on employers to seek to increase how many minorities that were in their workforce)
-Regents of the University of California v. Bakke was a case that upheld the affirmative action
-Four of the justices were completely against using racial quotas when going through the admissions process for schools but the other four justices agreed with it
