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American Protective Association Reaches Peak Influence
SourceThe American Protective Association was an anti-Catholic, anti immigrant group that reached peak prominence in the 1890's with a membership of more than 2,000,000 total. Among their many focuses of political and social activism, was the promotion of English only schools and education in the United States, reflecting the larger attitudes of negativity towards bilingual education in the American consciousness. -
Two-way Bilingual Program at Coral Way Elementary
SourceFollowing the influx of Cuban immigrants following the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro (1953-1959), many Cuban communities were established, and with that came the establishment of one of the first highly successful two-way bilingual education programs for elementary-8th grades at Coral Way Elementary School, in Dade County, Florida. -
Pasage of the Civil Rights Act
SourceAmong its stipulations, Title VI of the Civiil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin by recipients of federal financial assistance. The Title VI regulatory requirements have been interpreted to prohibit denial of equal access to education because of a language minority student's status as English language learners. -
Bilingual Education Act
sourceSource The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 stipulated for the matieninance of bilingualism for students in the United States, but later was interpreted to justify the use of hertiage languages to aquire English proficiency singularly. It came to an end in 2002 with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act -
Lau vs. Nichols (414 US 5637) 1974
sourceA class action lawsuit brought about by non-English speaking students of Chinese ancestry against the San Francisco Unified School District for violation of their Fourteeth Amedment Rights. The vedict essentailly declared English only immersion models as abolished. -
The Lau Remedies
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Recommended bilingual educatio as the best approach for elementary education. Laws contained instructions for identification, assesment, and transsistion of English language learner students. Bilingual education is required for every district with at least 20 English language learners who speak the same heritage language. Bilingual education must be based on sound theoretical approach, and aimed at bili -
CA Proposition 187 ,
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Approved as a referendum ballot initiative barred the use of public services, such as education, by immigrants with illegal immigration status. It was later struck down as unconstitutional and was never officially enforced. -
CA Proposition 227
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Passed as an initiated state statute Proposition 227 requires that the primary language of instruction for all students, including language minority student be English. This effectively eradicated any bilingual programs in California -
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
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Proposed by President G.W. Bush and passed by Congress with bipartisan support, No Child Left Behind provided provisions for standards and practices for English language learner education and replaced the previous Bilingual Education Act.
