M. Uthe World History Timeline

Teotihuacan Reaches Population Peak in Central Mexico

500

Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas. At this time, during the 500's, it may have had more than 200,000 inhabitants, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period.

World History Timespan

Period: 500 to Dec 31, 1800

Muhammed Returns to Mecca

Jan 1, 630

Muhammed returns to Mecca Jan 630 after making the Hijrah to Medina.

Charles Martel defeats the Muslims at Tours.

Oct 10, 732

Charles Martel is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, in which he defeated an invading Muslim army and halted northward Islamic expansion in western Europe.

Muslims share medical books with Europeans

Jan 1, 1000

Muslims scholars, who preserved Greek medical works, share them with Europeans in the early 1000's. Muslim physicians made a number of significant contributions to medicine. They set up the earliest dedicated hospitals in the modern sense of the word, including psychiatric hospitals and medical schools which issued diplomas to students qualified to become doctors of medicine.

Hausa City-States Begin to Emerge

Jan 1, 1000

Six important Hausa city states existed Kano, Katsina, Daura, Gobir, Zazzau, and Biram (Kano the most important). The city was surrounded by a wall of reinforced stone ramparts and bricks. Kano contained a citadel near which the royal class resided. Individual residence was separated by "earthen" wall. Higher the status of the resident the more elaborate the wall. The entrance was mazelike to seclude women. Inside the entrance were the abode of unmarried women. Further down were slave quarters.

Norman Invasion of England

Sep 28, 1066

The Norman conquest was a pivotal event in English history. It largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy. This, in turn, brought about a transformation of the English language and the culture of England in a new era often referred to as Norman England.

First Crusade Begins

Aug 15, 1095

The First Crusade was a military expedition from 1096 to 1099 by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem. The four main crusader armies left Europe around the appointed time in August 1096 for Constantinople.

Muslim Literature Flourishes

Jan 1, 1100

The Early Middle Ages -1100's, Muslims achieved what is remembered as a golden age of knowledge. Major innovations of this period was paper – originally a secret tightly guarded by the Chinese. The art of papermaking was obtained from prisoners taken at the Battle of Talas (751), spreading to the islamic cities of Samarkand and Baghdad. The Arabs improved upon the Chinese techniques of using mulberry bark by using starch to account for the Muslim preference for pens vs. the Chinese for brushes.

Yoruba Kingdom of Life is Establishe

Jan 1, 1100

Between 1100 AD and 1700 AD, the Yoruba Kingdom of Ife experienced a golden age, the oba or ruler of Ife is referred to as the Ooni of Ife. Most of the city states were controlled by Obas (rulers) with various titles and councils made up of Oloye, guild of noble leaders or chiefs, and merchants.

Missippian Culture Thrives at Cahokia

Jan 1, 1100

The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1500 AD.

Holy Roman Empire Weakens

Jan 1, 1190

Emperor no longer was able to use the church as a mechanism to maintain power beginnong around 1190.

Kamakura Shogunate Rules Japan.

Jan 1, 1192

Minamoto no Yoritomo seized certain powers from the central government and aristocracy and established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperors of Japan and the aristocracy in Kyoto remained the de jure (and in many ways de facto) rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded title of Sei-i Taishōgun by the emperor and the political system he developed with a succession of shogun at the head was known as a shogunate.

King John Approves Magna Carta

Jun 15, 1215

Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects (the barons) in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges. It was preceded and directly influenced by the 1100 Charter of Liberties, when King Henry I had specified particular areas where his powers would be limited.

Sundiata Founds Mali Empire

Jan 1, 1235

Sundiata Keita, Sundjata Keyita, Mari Djata I or just Sundiata was the founder of the Mali Empirewas a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. He devoted his life to building an army to overthrow the king and liberating his homeland. When he was older and had a strong army, Sundiata did overthrow the king and became king of the Mali Empire.

Kublai Khan Conquers China

Mar 19, 1279

In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.

Osman Founds the Ottoman State

Jan 1, 1300

The most successful ghazi was Osman. People in the West called him Othman, however, and named his followers Ottomans. Osman built a small state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326. His successors expanded it by buying land, forming alliances with other emirs, and conquering everyone they could.

Renaissance Begins

Jan 1, 1300

In the 1300's the Renaissance begins in Italian city-states such as Florence, Milan and Mantua and last until approximately 1600. There is a revival of art, literature and learning. The educated of Italy hoped to bring back the culture of classical Greece and Rome. Yet, striving to revive the past, the people of the Renaissance brought about new innovative styles of art and literature.

Mali King Mansa Musa Goes on Hajj to Mecca

Jan 1, 1325

Mansa Musa is mostly remembered for his extravagant hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca with, according to the Arab historian al-Umari, 100 camel-loads of gold, each weighing 300 lbs.; 500 slaves, each carrying a 4 lb. gold staff; thousands of his subjects; as well as his senior wife, with her 500 attendants. With his lavish spending and generosity in Cairo and Mecca, he ran out of money and had to borrow at usurious rates of interest for the return trip.

Aztecs Build Tenochtitlan

Jan 1, 1325

Tenochtitlan was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the seat of the growing Aztec empire in the 15th century, until captured by the Spanish in 1521. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City.

Bubonic Plague Strikes Europe

Jan 1, 1347

From 1347 to 1351, the Black Death, a massive and deadly pandemic originated in Central Asia, swept through Asia, Europe and Africa. It may have reduced the world's population from 450 million to between 350 and 375 million. Europe lost around 1/3 of its population, from about 75 million to about 150 million

Timur the Lame Destroys Delhi

Dec 17, 1398

Timur, normally known as Tamerlane in English, was a fourteenth-century conqueror of Western, South and Central Asia, founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia and the founder of the Mughal Dynasty (Empire) in India. Timur began a trek starting in 1398 to invade the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. He crossed Indus river on September 30, 1398 and captured Multan by October.

Zheng He Takes First Voyage

Jan 1, 1405

Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. The Yongle emperor designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin and extend the empire's tributary system. Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook these expeditions.

Prince Henry Founds Navigation School

Jan 1, 1419

Henry the Navigator (4 Mar 1394 – 13 Nov1460) was an infante (prince) of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire. He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents.

About 1419, Prince Henry started the first school for oceanic navigation at Sagres, Portugal. In this school, people were trained in navigation, map-making, and science, in order to sail down the west coast of Africa.

Joan of Arc Leads French in the Battle of Orleans

May 4, 1429

The Siege of Orléans (1428–1429) marked a turning point in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first majormilitary victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Agincourt in 1415.

Medici Family Takes Control of Florence

Dec 1, 1434

Giovanni di Bicci, increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Although he never held any political charge, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional taxing system. Giovanni's son Cosimo the Elder took over in 1434 as gran maestro, and the Medici became unofficial heads of state of the Florentine republic.

Pachacuti becomes Incan Emperor

Jan 1, 1438

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachacutec) was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438-1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco, which he transformed into the empire Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire. Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.

Ottomans Capture Constantinople

May 29, 1453

The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire which occurred after a siege by the Ottoman Empire, under the command of Sultan Mehmed II. Siege lasted from Friday, 6 April 1453 until Tuesday, 29 May 1453, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Constantinople was defended by the army of Emperor Constantine XI. This marked the end of political independence of the millennium-old Byzantine Empire, which was already fragmented into several Greek monarchies.

Hundreds Year War Ends

Jul 17, 1453

The Battle of Castillon of 1453 was the last battle fought between the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War. This was the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle. The English were successfully expelled from France.

Gutenberg Bible Printed in Mainz

Jan 1, 1455

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and was the first European to print with movable type. His greatest achievement was arguably demonstrating that the whole process of printing actually produced books. Many book-lovers have commented on the high standards achieved in the production of the Gutenberg Bible, some describing it as one of the most beautiful volumes ever printed. The quality of both the ink and other materials and the printing itself have been noted.

Sonni Ali Begins Songhai Empire

Jan 1, 1464

The first emperor of Songhai was Sonni Ali, reigning from about 1464 to 1493. Like the Mali kings before him, Ali was a Muslim. In the late 1460s, he conquered many of the Songhai's neighboring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire. Sonni Ali quickly established himself as the empire's most formidable military strategist and conqueror.

Columbus Makes First Voyage

Aug 3, 1492

On the evening of August 3, 1492, Columbus departed from Castilian Palos de la Frontera with three ships. Land was sighted at 2 a.m. on October 13, by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodriguez Bermejo) aboard La Pinta. Columbus would later assert that he had first seen the land and, thus, earned the reward of 10,000 maravedís. Columbus called the island San Salvador, in present day Bahamas.

Spain & Portugal Sign Treaty of Tordesillas

Jun 7, 1494

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). Line of demarcation was halfway between Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage. The lands to the east would belong to Portugal, the lands to the west to Spain.

Safavids Conquer Persia

Jan 1, 1501

The Safavids were one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the Ithnāʻashari (Twelver) school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. This Shia dynasty was of mixed ancestry and ruled Iran from 1501 to 1722.

Moctezuma II Crowned Aztec Emperor

Jan 1, 1502

Moctezuma (c. 1466 – June 1520), was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. It was during Moctezuma's reign that the episode known as the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began. The portrayal of Moctezuma in history has mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources describe him as weak-willed and indecisive. During his reign the Aztec Empire reached its maximal size.

Martin Luther Begins the Reformation at Wittenberg

Oct 31, 1517

According to Philipp Melanchthon, Martin Luther "wrote theses on indulgences and posted them on the church of All Saints on 31 October 1517", an event now seen as sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Cortés Conquers Aztec Empire

Aug 13, 1521

Cortés began a policy of attrition against the island city of Tenochtitlán cutting off supplies and subduing the Aztecs' allied cities thus changing the balance and organizing the siege of Tenochtitlán, destroying the city.
Finally, with the capture of Cuauhtémoc, the Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán, on 13 August 1521, the Aztec Empire disappeared, and Cortés was able to claim it for Spain, thus renaming the city Mexico City. From 1521 to 1524, Cortés personally governed Mexico.

Babur Founds Mughal Empire

Apr 1, 1526

Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. His position in Central Asia was precarious at best. In order to consolidate his rule, he invaded India five times, crossing the River Indus each time. The fifth expedition resulted in his encounter with Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in April 1526. Babur's army was better equipped than Lodhi's; he had guns while the sultan relied on elephants.

Pizarro Conquers Inca Empire

Nov 1, 1533

The Battle of Cajamarca marked the beginning of the end of the Inca Empire. The battle was a surprise attack on the Inca royal entourage orchestrated by Francisco Pizarro. Sprung on the evening of November 16, 1532, in the great plaza of Cajamarca, the ambush achieved the goal of capturing the Inca, Atahualpa. Having deprived the Inca empire of leadership, Pizarro and another conquistador, Hernando de Soto, moved south to Cuzco, the heart of Tawantinsuyu, which they captured in November 1533.

English King Henry VIII Starts the Church of England

Nov 1, 1534

By 1530 Catherine, King Henry's wife, was too old to have any more children. Henry decided he would have to have another wife. His choice was Anne Boleyn, 20-year-old daughter of Viscount Rochford. In March 1534 the Pope made his decision. He announced that Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn was invalid. Henry reacted by declaring that the Pope no longer had authority in England. In November 1534, Parliament passed an act that stated that Henry VIII was now the Head of the Church of England.

Council of Trent Mandates Reforms in the Catholic Church

Dec 4, 1563

The Council of Trent was the 16th-century Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church. The council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints. It issued numerous reform decrees. By specifying Catholic doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon, the Council was answering Protestant disputes.

Shah Abbas I Rules Safavid Empire

Jan 1, 1587

Abbas came to the throne during a troubled time for Iran. Under his weak-willed father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the Qizilbash army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, the Ottoman Empire and the Uzbeks, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. In 1587, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a coup and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne.

British Defeat Philip II's Spanish Armada

Jul 19, 1588

On 28 May 1588, the Armada set sail from Lisbon (occupied Portugal), headed for the English Channel. Fleet was composed of 151 ships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, and bore 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns. The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July. 55 English ships set out to confront them from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake.

Tokugawa Shoguns Rule Japan

Jan 1, 1603

The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu and the Edo bakufu, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city, Edo, which now is called Tokyo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

English Found Jamestown

May 14, 1607

Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607. It is the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. It was founded by the London Company (later to become the Virginia Company), headquartered in England. Jamestown was the capital of the Colony for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.

Champlain Claims Quebec for France

Jul 3, 1608

Spring of 1608, Dugua, a noble merchant, wanted Champlain to start a new French colony on the shores of the St. Lawrence. July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the "point of Quebec" and set about fortifying the area by the erection of three main wooden buildings, two stories tall, that he collectively called the "Habitation", with a wooden stockade and a moat 12 feet wide surrounding them - beginning of Quebec City. Gardening, exploring, and fortifying this place became Champlain's great passion.

Dutch Open Trade With Java

May 30, 1619

In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen was appointed Governor-General of the VOC (Dutch East India Company). He saw the possibility of the VOC becoming an Asian power, both political and economic. He was not afraid to use brute force to put the VOC on a firm footing. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta (Java) driving out the Banten forces; and from the ashes established Batavia as the VOC headquarters.

Shah Jahan Orders Construction of the Taj Mahal at Agra

Jan 1, 1632

A white marble tomb built in 1632-48 in Agra, seat of the Mugal Empire, by Shah Jehan for his wife, Arjuman Banu Begum, the monument sums up many of the formal themes that have played through Islamic architecture. Its refined elegance is a conspicuous contrast to the Hindu architecture of pre-Islamic India, with its thick walls, corbeled arches, heavy lintels, and to Indo-Islamic styles, in which Hindu elements are combined with an eclectic assortment of motifs from Persian and Turkish sources.

Louis XIV Begins to Rule France

May 14, 1643

Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as the Sun King (French: le Roi Soleil), was King of France and of Navarre. His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch. Louis began personally governing France in 1661 after the death of his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.

Puritans Under Oliver Cromwell Execute the English King

Jan 30, 1649

Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death from a combination of malarial fever and septicaemia in 1658.

Peter the Great Becomes Sole Czar of Russia

Dec 11, 1696

On 29 Jan 1676, Tsar Alexis died, leaving the sovereignty to Peter's half-brother, the sickly Feodor III. This changed when Feodor died six years later in 1682. Feodor did not leave any children, a dispute arose between the Naryshkin and Miloslavsky families over who should inherit the throne. Peter's other half-brother, Ivan V, was next for the throne. He was chronically ill. Ivan V was a co-ruler with Peter, although he was still ineffective. Peter became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696.

French and Indian War Begins

May 28, 1754

The French and Indian War is the common U.S. name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. In 1756 the war erupted into the world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War and thus came to be regarded as the North American theater of that war. The war began with a dispute over the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute resulted in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754.

Prussian King the Great Begins Seven Years' War Against Austria

Jun 28, 1756

The Seven Years' War was a major military conflict that lasted from 1756 until the conclusion of the treaties of Paris (1763) and Hubertusburg (1763). It involved all of the major European powers of the period — but in reality had begun two years earlier as the French and Indian War in Colonial America. In Europe, the war pitted Prussia and Great Britain and a coalition of smaller German states against an alliance consisting of Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony.

Britain Seeks Trade With China

Jan 1, 1793

Lord George Macartney delivered a letter from King George III to Emperor Qian-long. It asked for a better trade arrangement, including Chinese acceptance of British manuffactured goods. Macartney refused to kowtow, and Qian-long denied Britain's request. As the emperor made made clear in a letter to the king, China was self-sufficient and did not need the British.

Al-Khwarizmi writes the frist algebra textbook.

Mar 2, 2022

Al-Khwarizmi is considered the founder of algebra. He was a Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. First "algebra" textbook around 830.

Tang Dynasty Begins rule in China

Mar 2, 2022

The Tang Dynasty (June 18, 618–June 4, 907), with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.

Heian Period Begin in Japan

Mar 2, 2022

The Heian period is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature.

Koryo Dynasty Controls Korea.

Mar 2, 2022

The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ (Officially the Kingdom of Goryeo) (918-1392) was a Korean sovereign state established in 918 by Emperor Taejo. Korea gets its name from this kingdom which became to be pronounced Korea. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392.

Pope Leo III Crowns Charlemagne Emperor

Mar 2, 2022

Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800.

Treaty of Verdun

Mar 2, 2022

It was a treaty of the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the territories of the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms.

Rise of Feudalism

Mar 2, 2022

Outside invaasions spur growth of feudalism in the 900's. Three primary elements characterized feudalism: lords, vassals, and fiefs; the group of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord granted land (a fief) to his vassals. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.

Otto the Great Becomes Emperor

Mar 2, 2022

The first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy. While Charlemagne had been crowned emperor in 800, his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons, and following the assassination of Berengar of Friuli in 924, the imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto was crowned Emperor of what would later become the Holy Roman Empire.

Classic Period of Maya Civilization Ends

Mar 2, 2022

There are many theories to explain the decline of Maya civilization during this period. Non ecological theory tells the decline could have happened due to increased population and foreign invasion and whereas ecological theory tells the decline could have happened due to epidermic diseases, environmental disaster and severe climatic changes.

Song Dynasty Established in China

Mar 2, 2022

The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as first discernment of true north using a compass.

Capetian Dynasty Begins in France

Mar 2, 2022

The Capetian dynasty is the largest and oldest European royal house, consisting of the descendants of Hugh Capet of France in the male line. King Juan Carlos of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. The House of France (la maison de France), or simply the Capets, which ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.

Ghana Thrives on Trade

Mar 2, 2022

By the year 800, Ghana had become an empire. Merchants met in trading cities, where they exchanged goods under the watchful eye of the king's tax collector.

Anasazi Culture Develops Southwest North America

Mar 2, 2022

1.A Native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona, whose descendants are considered to include the present-day Pueblo peoples. Anasazi culture includes an early Basket Maker phase and a later Pueblo phase marked by the construction of cliff dwellings and by expert artisanship in weaving and pottery.