-
1500
Shamanism
Shamanism was basically an idea where the Shaman was the one who interpreted the dreams of the people. He is the one who has the most knowledge and has the closest relationship with the spirits -
1500
Animism
Animism is the name that we give to the First Nation’s belief system. They had a great respect for nature and the environment (they recognized it as a reason they were able to survive) and to them, everything has a spirit. The culture of the different aboriginal groups was closely related to the environment (nature) in which they lived. They only took what they needed and produced no waste. Often, they'd say a prayer when they killed an animal. -
Absolutism
The colony during the French Regime was under royal absolutism (had to do with the political organization of France). The level of power of the governor & intendant were determined by royal absolutism. Royal absolutism also made for the doors of the fortifications of Quebec City to be decorated with the coat of arms of the French monarchy. Royal Absolutism was a political ideology, where the ruler was said to receive power directly from G-D, basically G-D’s representative on earth. -
Catholicism
Catholicism is the original form of christianity. Jesuits and missionaries were there to convert Aboriginals to the Catholic Faith, to instruct the population and to make New France a Catholic society (evangelism). The Church had very high power during this time and excommunication would occur if people decided to not follow or didn't obey Church's rules (getting “kicked” out of catholicism and not going to heaven). EX: if people decided to work on Sunday & not go, they would be in trouble... -
Liberalism (1760-1840)
Liberalism is a political ideology based on individuals having equal fundamental rights, including protection from the abuse of the monarch's power (King/Queen). Liberalism in the Colony (1760-1840) was that thanks to the press, liberal ideas spread and turned into political demands. In Great Britain, liberalism was at the origin of the constitutional monarchy. Under the constitutional monarchy, different laws were created such as: the right to be represented in Parliament & the Habeas Corpus -
Protestantism
Protestantism is the British version of christianity, it is the second largest form of christianity after Catholicism. The English were protestant and spoke english, the french/canadien were not. -
Nationalism/Republicanism
Nationalism is a political ideology that identifies a nation as a group of individuals who share common characteristics (also refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a nation). Republicanism is an ideology suggesting that people should govern themselves. Nationalism & Republicanism in 1830’s: Failure of liberal reform demands lead to a radicalization of ideas among Parti Patriote members, leading to republicanism. This lead the Patriotes revolts (1837-38), they hoped to have nationalism. -
Anticlericalism (after 1840)
Despite the grown of ultramontanism, some individuals followed a liberal ideology. In 1844, young professionals/intellectuals in MTL founded the Institut Canadien de MTL, a place for intellectual discussion. (A library where Francophones could read local & foreign newspapers and books on various subjects). This offended the Church because it was basically the belief that the Church shouldn’t be involved in political life, or one's cultural & intellectual life. This all opposed to Ultramontanism. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a political and religious doctrine where the Catholic Church dominates in every way, including political power. 1840-67, the failure of the 1837 rebellions influenced ideas that circulated in the colony. Creation of United Canada made French Canadian a minority politically, English became the colony’s only official language. After 1840, Catholic Church relied on ultramontanism to increase its power. The Church also wanted to insert itself into all parts of life in the colony. -
Capitalism
Capitalism (from 1867-1930) had cultural consequences: Industrial development required the investment of large amounts of capital as well as an abundant labour force (to work cheaply). British Elite needed capital. Rich people got richer➜capitalism (rich merchants opening a business to make profit). Capitalism & industrialization left their mark on the cities, which began to be divided into districts based on socioeconomics, language, identity & culture (EX: Italians would move to Little Italy). -
Reformist-Liberalism
Reformist-Liberalism is an ideology that wants to see the current liberal institutions reformed. -
Reformism
Reformism is an ideology that encourages social change that fights poverty & other consequences of industrialization. Examples: Charitable associations start up, they're made up of women from British business class, also from the French Canadian bourgeoisie.
These women believed that as part of their duty as mothers, was to concern themselves with education & health. Reformist women therefore saw this social involvement as part of their duties. -
Feminism
Women weren't allowed to vote, they were considered minors, so they added Feminist views to their demands. Women were given the right to vote at the federal level in 1918. ➜ this was right after the war, men were at war so women were the only people available to vote, they were then given the right. Come women were actually anti-feminists; In 1922, a petition asking the government not to allow women to vote was published (45 000 women signed). Women received the right to vote in QC in 1940. -
Church Conservatism
From the 1900s and on, the Catholic Church promoted a traditional way of life and values they thought were essential for the survival of the identity and culture of French Canada. In the 1920s, the bishop published several letters trying to stop dancing, movies and theatre.Basically, they tried to close theatres because they wanted to be sure of keeping Sunday as a holy day and they actually managed to ban some films. -
Imperialism
Canadian Imperialism (early 20th century) was an Ideology that advocated the political, cultural, economic & military domination exerted by Mother Country on the Colony. Imperialists viewed Canada as part of British Empire, they believed English should be only official language & Protestantism only official religion in Canada EX: WW1 conflict: Imperialists say there should be conscription (men obligated to join army) VS Henri Bourassa + FC nationalists say voluntary participation (in the army) -
Socialism
Socialism: idea of having no private ownership of businesses, against the idea of capitalism. It was meant to be a critique of capitalist industrial development (businessmen looking for profit). The reason for this was because socialists thought it caused inequalities & issues. They also believed that people could be rich, but it shouldn't be such a large gap between very rich people and poorer people. Context EX: can own a fridge but shouldn't own fridge factory, should be government in charged -
Cooperatism
Cooperatism allows for the pooling of savings in order to raise the capital necessary for rural development An example: Caisses populaires Desjardins. Basically, for people to get out of the great depression, they need to return to the land, but to modernize their farms & to have enough money to be able to “return to the land”, people need to work together to raise enough money. In order to do so, they counted on cooperatism. An example: Caisses populaires Desjardins. -
Communism
Communism was a more extreme form of socialism, it is the want to get rid of not only capitalism, but also of all social classes. Wanted the end of the capitalist system & social classes, by sharing the means of production. EX: Young Communist League of Canada (in 1923), they devoted themselves to the union movement in defence of workers. -
Fascism
Fascism was the need to return to traditional order, through a supreme leader & military rule. It was to have authoritarian means. Examples: (1) That some nations and ethnicities were superior to others. (2) It required an all-powerful leader (3) That there should be military life and discipline. -
Agriculturalism
Agriculturalism was a form of Nationalism in French Canada from 1867-1950. It was the idea of modernizing agriculture & encouraging the opening of new regions for colonization (in QC) -
Americanism After WW2
There were new habits of consumption (clothing, appliances, etc.). In 1952, the invention of television prompted a great number of families to buy a television set. Also along with dances, music, and theatre shows. While TV spread American culture, it also encourages the broadcasting of local cultural productions, such as soap operas. -
Secularism after WW2
Secularism happened because of Americanism. After WW2, criticism of traditionalism became more varied. Traditionalism was strongly defended by the Church and the Duplessis government (Premier of QC). The main critics of traditionalism were artists and intellectuals.
In 1948, a group of artists published Refus Global, a manifesto that criticized Catholic Church & its traditional values ( they wanted to separate church & state - this was the secularist ideology) -
Quebec Nationalism (1950-1995)
QC Nationalism (Contem) was Separatism, to protect French culture/language from Federal Canada by having an independent nation. The Rally for National Independence (RIN), founded in 1960, promoted QC nationalism (political party that ran against liberals) cause french wanted independence. RIN got their ideas from socialism but without eliminating private businesses. Then, Parti Quebecois (PQ) was created, led by Rene Levesque. They had 2 public votes on if QC should become an independent nation. -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginalism (begins in 1970s) was when Aboriginal people began to assert their concept of the nation (want rights & culture in a written act/agreement w the government). Aboriginals hoped Canada would recognize their rights. The provincial government signed the James Bay & Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975, & promised to consult the Inuit & Innus regarding everything that concerned them. EX: Oka Crisis ➔ an example of Aboriginalism happening, asserting their rights to ancestral land. -
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism (from 1980 and after) was an Ideology that advocated a "laissez-faire" approach to economics. It emerged in Quebec during this period to address concerns about the province’s competitiveness in the global economy. Basically, in order to be competitive, the government doesn’t intervene in the economy (neoliberalism = new liberalism)
