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Jim Crow Laws
-Laws that legalized the racial segregation of the south and suppressed African-Americans
-Became worse as more African-Americans began to move into the cities
-Affected every part of African-American's lives
-Was ended by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 -
Harlem Renaissance
-The development of Harlem in New York City, New York during the 1910s until the mid-1930s into a black cultural mecca
-It's considered the golden age in African-American culture, music, stage performance, art, and manifesting in literature
-As blacks migrated from the South to the North they gravitated towards the other blacks in Harlem
-Involved people such as Louis Armstrong, Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, Josephine Baker, and W.E.B. Du Bois -
Jesse Owens
-A US Olympic athlete that won 4 gold medals, broke or equaled 9 Olympic records, and set 3 world records at the 1936 Berlin Games
-His achievements helped to disprove Hitler's idea of Aryan racial superiority
-He was an African-American hero to the people of Berlin -
Joe Louis
-In 1938 Louis fought Schmeling again in a battle portrayed as democracy vs Nazism and won.
-Louis's victory made him a national hero
-His sportsmanship, extraordinary pugilistic skills, discretion about his private life, and perceived soft-spoken demeanor and humility helped to make him one of the first African-Americans to be admired by white people
-In 1937 he became the World Heavyweight Champion -
The "Warren" Supreme Court
-The time when Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
-Ruled that equal but separate schools deprived kids of equal 14th amendment protection
-Ruled that people were to be given a lawyer by the government if they did not have one
-Decided that illegally acquired evidence could not be used in court
-Ruled that schools could not conduct religious ceremonies
-Ruled the Brown vs Board of Education case -
John F. Kennedy
-Was president from 1961-1963
-Established the Peace Corps
-Got the US economy out of recession
-Was assassinated in 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald
-Was president during the Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Bay of Pigs
-Negotiated the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
-Helped with the Civil Rights Movement -
Earl Warren
-The 14th and one of the most influential chief justice of the US Supreme Court
-Served in the US Army during WW1, and was a lieutenant
-The first governor of CA to win 3 successive terms
-Had the legacy of the "Warren Court"- sensitivity to the impact on society of court decisions
-Submitted the Warren Commission- investigated the deaths of JFK and Lee Harvey Oswald
-Spoke for the courts in Brown vs B.o.E.o.T, upheld rights in Watkins vs US
-1966- Miranda v AZ ruled police must inform of rights -
Lyndon B. Johnson
-36th president of the US after JFK was assassinated
-Passed the Civil Rights Act, Fair Housing Act, Voting Rights Act, and worked on the Great Society program
-Was president during the Vietnam War which caused opposition for him
-Went to war on poverty -
Malcolm X
-A prominent Nation of Islam figure, and African-American leader
-Was made an ideological hero after his life story was distribute after his assassination
-Helped to expand the Nation of Islam from 400 to 40,000 members
-Encouraged the physical fight for civil rights in America
-Founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity
-Was assassinated by 3 gunman in the Nation of Islam
-Helped to change the terms used to describe African-Americans to "black" and "Afro-American" from "negro" & "colored" -
Martin Luther King Jr.
-Was a social activist, Nobel prize winner, and civil rights leader
-Led the Montgomery Bus Boycott
-1963- Gave his "I have a dream" speech at the March on Washington
-Founded SCLC who committed to achieving equality through peaceful protests
-Helped bring attention to Birmingham
-1968- Was assassinated by James Earl Ray which later caused many riots
