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Congress of Vienna
England, Austria, Russia and Prussia redrew the border lines of Europe to keep the balance of power after Napoleon's two defeats. -
Burschenschaft
Student political groups that formed at German Universities. These groups were expressions of German nationalism -
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna who wanted to restore the balance of power, make Europe Peaceful, restore old monarchs, and compensate the allies for their lost. -
Carlsbad Decrees
Metternich issues anti-subversion orders for German Confederation. The decress was aimed to suppress all liberal agitation against the conservative governments of Germany. This was very unpopular and lead to 1848 revolutions -
Victor Hugo
Wrote Hunchback of Notre Dame, equated freedom in literature with liberty in politics and society. He started out as a conservative, renounces ways, opposite of Wordsworth. Also Lai Miserabs-Miserable Ones, France from Napoleonic Wars to 1848. He was a romantic author. -
The Communist Manifesto
Written by German philosopher, Karl Marx, and Frederich Engles that outlined how evert society in the world would eventually reach communism. -
The Revolutions of 1848
Liberal revolutions that broke out throughout Europe that at first appeared successful, however, at the end they failed. These revolutions were sparked by a distrust in governments due to high unemployment and rising food prices. -
Alexander II
Russian Czar from 1855 until his assassination. Alexander freed the serfs and encouraged rapid modernization of Russia. -
Karl Marx
A philosopher, author, social theorist, and an economist. Marx is most famous for his theories on capitalism and communism. Some of his most famous works include The Communist Manifesto, and three volumes of Das Kapital. -
Crimean War
Russia invades Crimea to gain a warm-water port. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans -
Otto Von Bismarck
He was the Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 till 1871 when he became the chancellor of Germany. He was a conservative nationalist who led Prussia to many victories against Austria and France and was responsible for creating the German Empire -
Pope Leo XIII
He proposed that society should be organized into cooperative groups that could work together under Christian principles and morals. His aim was to ousting socialism and capitalism. -
On the Origin of Species
Book that Darwin proposed the theory of evolution after his research voyage to the Galapagos Islands. Darwin presented theories on natural selection, the idea that more living organisms come into existence than can survive, that physical and organic nature is constantly changing, and that over time new species are created and other become extinct. -
Emancipation Edict of 1861
The law that abolished serfdom in Russia and freed the peasants. -
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher who applied Darwin's idea of Natural Selection to society. He used this to justify competition between countries and as an excuse to not aid the poor. -
Leo Tolstoy
Russian author who was a master of realistic fiction and one of the world's greatest novelists. Tolstoy's most notable works include War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). Both are viewed as two of the best novels ever written. -
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. -
Franco-Prussian War
Germany attacked France and wins very quickly. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany. -
Second Industrial Revolution
Beginning around 1870, advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks that allowed more movement of people and ideas. -
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis who believed human behavior is irrational, behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure seeking desire) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).