2 trimester

By Cerri
  • 476

    Fall of the Western Roman Empire.

  • 493

    Theodoric the Great establishes the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy.

  • 527

    Justinian I ascends as Byzantine Emperor, later initiating major legal and architectural reforms.

  • 711

    The Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula begins.

  • 732

    Battle of Tours – Charles Martel halts the northward advance of Islamic forces.

  • 800

    Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor by Pope Leo III, uniting much of Western Europe.

  • 843

    Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire among Charlemagne’s grandsons

  • 962

    Otto I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, reinforcing the idea of a revived Western Empire.

  • 1054

    The Great Schism formally splits Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches.

  • 1066

    Norman Conquest of England – William the Conqueror defeats Harold II at Hastings.

  • 1095

    Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.

  • 1099

    Crusaders capture Jerusalem during the First Crusade.

  • 1122

    Concordat of Worms resolves the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor.

  • 1147

    Launch of the Second Crusade.

  • 1187

    Battle of Hattin – Saladin defeats Crusader forces and recaptures Jerusalem.

  • 1190

    Beginning of the Third Crusade, led by figures such as Richard the Lionheart.

  • 1215

    Signing of the Magna Carta in England, laying foundations for constitutional governance.

  • 1229

    End of the Albigensian Crusade with the Treaty of Paris, curbing heresy in southern France.

  • 1241

    Mongol forces invade Eastern Europe (e.g., Battle of Legnica), affecting European political dynamics.

  • 1265

    Simon de Montfort’s Parliament in England becomes an early model of representative government.

  • 1274

    Second Council of Lyons discusses Church reforms and attempts at reuniting Eastern and Western Christianity.

  • 1302

    Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Unam Sanctam, asserting papal supremacy.

  • 1315

    The Great Famine begins in Europe, severely impacting population and society.

  • 1347

    Outbreak of the Black Death in Europe, drastically reducing the population.

  • 1378

    Beginning of the Western Schism, splitting the Catholic Church with rival popes.

  • 1415

    Execution of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance, sparking early reformist movements.

  • 1417

    The Western Schism comes to an end with the election of a single pope.

  • 1453

    Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

  • 1455

    Gutenberg prints the first Bible, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge with movable type.

  • 1492

    Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between Spain and Portugal.

  • 1492

    Christopher Columbus’s voyage leads to the European discovery of the Americas

  • 1517

    Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

  • 1521

    The Diet of Worms condemns Martin Luther’s teachings.

  • 1527

    Sack of Rome by the troops of Charles V, symbolizing the decline of papal political power.

  • 1534

    Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy establishes the Church of England.

  • 1543

    Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, marking a shift in scientific thought.

  • 1545

    The Council of Trent commences, launching the Counter-Reformation within the Catholic Church.

  • 1555

    The Peace of Augsburg establishes the principle of cuius regio, eius religio in the Holy Roman Empire.

  • The Spanish Armada is defeated by England, altering the balance of naval power in Europe.

  • The Defenestration of Prague sparks the Thirty Years’ War across Central Europe.

  • The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years’ War and lays the groundwork for modern state sovereignty.

  • The Glorious Revolution in England establishes a constitutional monarchy.

  • The English Bill of Rights is enacted, reinforcing parliamentary power and individual rights.

  • The Acts of Union unite England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain.

  • The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession, reshaping the balance of power in Europe.

  • The Seven Years’ War begins, a global conflict that reconfigures colonial empires.

  • The Battle of the Plains of Abraham decisively influences the fate of New France in North America.

  • The approximate beginning of the Industrial Revolution, heralding vast economic and social changes.

  • The American Declaration of Independence is adopted. Adam Smith publishes his magnum opus ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ .

  • The Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolutionary War.

  • The French Revolution begins, radically transforming French society and politics.

  • The French National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

  • Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French.

  • The Battle of Austerlitz results in a decisive Napoleonic victory.

  • The British Parliament passes the Slave Trade Act, abolishing the slave trade in the British Empire.

  • The Mexican War of Independence begins against Spanish colonial rule.

  • Napoleon invades Russia, a campaign that ultimately weakens his army.

  • The Battle of Waterloo marks Napoleon’s final defeat and ends the Napoleonic Wars.

  • The Greek War of Independence begins; simultaneously, the Mexican War of Independence concludes