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The absolutist phase
- Ferdinand VII refused the Constitution of 1812 and proposed reforms that returned Spain to absolutism.
- Liberals were persecuted, but they decided to organise pronunciamientos in which they were reclaming the return for a constitutional monarchy.
- Unfortunately, was not successful and some liberals were forced into exile and others were executed.
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Period: to
The reign of Fernando VII
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The liberal phase
- Colonel Rafael del Riego's pronunciamiento was successful.
- Ferdinand VII was forced to return the Costitution of 1812.
- Liberals volunteers armed to support the Constitution and oppose absolutism.
- The king joined to other European absolute monarchs to protect Spain against liberals.
- Years later, an allliance of European monarchs called the Holly Alliance, sent the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis troops which restored absolutism.
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The ominous decade
- The return to absolutism abolished all the constitutions of the Liberal Triennium.
- Political and economic problems in Spain given on to the final crisis of the absolute monarchy.
- A fiscal reform happen when the war against France made Spain bankrupt.
- Privileged classes refused to pay taxes to overcome the economic crisis because of maybe losing their aid.
- In 1830 absolutists opposed to the Pragmatic Sanction in which Ferdinand VII's daughter could not herit the throne as a woman.
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The First Carlist War
- Was a War between Carlists and Liberals which began in the Basque Country.
- Carlists fought for 'God, country, fueros and the king.
- They were defeated by the General Espartero's Liberal army.
- In 1839 peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara.
- Carlists continued to exist as supporters of tradition.
- Revolt of the Matiners happened between 1846 and 1848 which were a significant Carlist uprisings in Catalonia.
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The regency of Maria Cristina
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General Espartero
- In 1837 the control of the government was taken by moderate liberals.
- Maria Cristina was forced to resign while the General Espartero was appointed regent.
- Espartero's ideas were damaging to the emerging Spanish industry.
- At the age of 13, Isabella II was declared the queen of Spain.
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The regency of Espartero
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Alternation of power between moderates and progressives
- Progressives had power through military coups while moderates had power through elections and royal appointment.
- These governments were usually led by a military government.
- Moderantes governed most of Isabel's reign because she favoured them.
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Social instability
- It was caused because of the dicontent among the peasants over the awful working conditions.
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Expropiations
- It was a state confiscation of land in which each owner's land was given an amount of money.
- The state sold the land at a public auction.
- Because of their money, peasants could not buy the lands at auction.
- Expropiations solved Spain's economic problems by paying the state's debt belonging to the church.
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The reign of Isabell II
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Second Carlist War
- It began when the Spanish throne became available after the exile of Isabel II after six years of democracy.
- It was caused because Isabel II refused to marry Carlos Bourbon.
- Until their final defeat, Carlists rebelled in lots of territories and formed another government in Estella.
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Provisional government
- This government was created to establish a democratic political system.
- In 1869 a new constitution based on democratic principles was formed by the 'Cortes'.
- National sovereignty and universal male suffrage was established by The Constitution.
- They also had to choose a new king and they set up a paliamentary monarchy.
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Glorious revolution
- 'Glorius Revolution' take place because of the crisis of the monarchy.
- Some causes of the revolution were the general discontent caused by the economic crisis and the expansion of democratic and republican ideas.
- Isabel II was supplanted and a democratic political system was established.
- However, after the revolution, the government that emerged, could not establish a democratic system.
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Period: to
Six years of democracy
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Amadeo I of Savoy
- He was named King Amadeo I of Spain.
- Because of the provisional goverment not choosing the Carlist candidate, the third Carlist War began during his reign.
- In the end, he resigned because he faced opposition between Republicans and the supporters of Isabel II's son, Alfonso.
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The First Republic
- When Amadeo I demited, the Cortes proclamed Spain a republic.
- It was the first time Spain was ruled by a republic.
- The lower classes were happy with the result while monarchs did not support that type of government.
- The Carlists War continued.
- Divisions among the Republicans was the main problem the government faced and this caused so much political inestability.
- The First Republic ended when December of the same year, another military revolt wich brought back the Bourbons.