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Cuban Youths
Between December 1960-October 1962 more than fourteen thousand youths from Cuba arrived to the United States alone. Known as Operation Pedro Pan, it is the largest recorded exodus of unaccompanied minors in the Western Hemisphere. http://www.pedropan.org/category/history -
The VI Civil Rights Act
Title VI, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq., was enacted as part of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. It prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/titlevi.php -
Immigration Act of 1965 (The Hart-Celler Act)
The Hart-Celler Act abolished the system for immigration and changed it to look at the immigrates' skills and family relationship. It also focused on whether or not they knew someone from the U.S. http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1965_immigration_and_nationality_act.html -
Higher Education Act
It was meant to “strengthen the educational resources of our colleges and universities and to provide financial assistance for students in postsecondary and higher education”. It was later reauthorized in 1968, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998, and 2008. -
Title VII Bilingual Education Ac
Federal legislation that provided funding to school districts to develop bilingual education programs. The Bilingual Education Act was the first federal legislation to address the unique educational needs of students with limited English-speaking ability. http://immigrationinamerica.org/379-bilingual-education-act-of-1968.html -
Title VII Bilingual Education Act
Federal legislation that provided funding to school districts to develop bilingual education programs. The Bilingual Education Act was the first federal legislation to address the unique educational needs of students with limited English-speaking ability. http://immigrationinamerica.org/379-bilingual-education-act-of-1968.html -
Chinese Students
a lot of Chinese students started failing in San Francisco due to a language barrier. -
President Nixon
President Nixon began discussing the need to provide equal educational services regardless of the students race, origin, color or cultural background. -
Keyes v. School District No. 2, Denver, Co
African American and Latino Americans sued the school districts in Colorado for not desegregating the schools. It was the first lawsuit outside the South. The ruling considered Hispanics of the Southwest within the minority category as African Americans for segregation purposes. -
Lau v. Nichols 414 U.S. 563
U.S Supreme Court overruled initial rulings of lower courts stating that they must treat all students equally regardless of their language; therefore, students who are incapable of speaking English must be awarded resources to facilitate their learning. Individual school districts are responsible to create programs and services to provide equal learning opportunities to all students including English learners. -
Equal Education Opportunity Act
The statute prohibits states from denying equal educational opportunity by the failure of an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs. Congress did not define the term appropriate action, leaving interpretation to state educational agencies and eventually to judicial review. Many court cases to follow. Section 1714 eliminates busing as a way to desegregate school. -
San Francisco Lau Remedies
San Francisco enlists the aid of a citizen task force to create a Master Plan of Bilingual-Bicultural Education. Thoroughly researching the 3 methods of 1) the sink-or-swim approach, (2) the English as a second language approach, and (3) remedial reading, they opted for a program that enhanced a child’s self esteem and culture. -
Rios vs. Reeds
The case was argued under Title VI and The Civil Rights Act and the EEOA. It was brought forth by a set of parents from Puerto Rico who were arguing that the bilingual education programs were not as they seemed and that they were simply just ESL focused. They won their case due to the fact that the court found these programs to be insufficient. The education for the teachers was not adequate enough and the curriculum was poorly defined. This case is important because it brought forth the atte -
Castañeda vs. Pickard
A group of Mexican-American children and their parents, saying that they were being discriminated against, by Raymondville, Texas Independent School District, because of their ethnicity, brought this case forth. It was tried on August 17, 1978 and ruled in favor of the defendant. It was later appealed in 1981. http://web.stanford.edu/~hakuta/www/LAU/IAPolicy/IA1bCastaneda.htm -
Plyler v. Doe
This case was brought forth on behalf of Mexican children who could not prove that they were legal immigrants and they were being excluded from the Tyler School District. The argument was that they should be protected under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment. Similar cases were filed in Texas in 1978 and 1979. In 1980 the district court found that the ACE was unconstitutional. http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rickless/Rickless/Courses_files/Lecture27-2007-Plyler.pdf -
Ronald Reagan; The Reagan Revolution
The resurgence of English-only, anti-bilingual rhetoric and legislation. Reagan was also the start to making it loo as if he were reducing the size of our government when, in fact, he was actually increasing government spending, military spending, and reducing the funds for programs to help the middle and lower working class people. http://www.thenation.com/article/158321/reagans-real-legacy#
