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Brown v. Board of Education
Oliver Brown sued the Topeka, Kansas, Board of Education to allow his 8-year old daughter Linda to attend a nearby school that only white children were allowed to attend. The case reached the Supreme Court. A couple years later the Court declared that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional and could not be applied to public education. -
Geneva Accords
Vietnam would become an independent nation, formally ending 75 years of French colonialism. The former French colonies Cambodia and Laos would also be given their independence. Vietnam would be temporarily divided for a period of two years.partition was effected at the Geneva Conference of 1954. Laos and Cambodia won independence, while two. July 1954 (collectively called the Geneva Accords) were signed by French and Viet Minh representative.
source: alhpahistory.com -
North Vietnamese Troops invade South Vietnam
This had happened in Eastern Europe after 1945. China had become communist in 1949 and communists were in control of North Vietnam. The USA was afraid that communism would spread to South Vietnam and then the rest of Asia. It decided to send money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese Government.
Source: bbc.com -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks and NAACP begin bus boycotts in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. The play was for African Americans to refuse to use the entire bus system until the bus company agreed to change its segregation policy. The next year, the Supreme Court declared segregation in public trans. illegal. -
Little Rock
Nine African American students would attend Little Rock High School. The Arkansas Governor tried to stop the nine students from entering the High School. Ike then sent Fed troops to protect the students from white mobs. Eisenhower needed to put more effort in, so for the first time since Reconstruction, he despatched federal troops to protect black rights. -
Sputnik Satellite in Orbit
Sputnik 1 was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launches into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the Space Age. -
Sputnik ll Puts Dog in Space
After the successful Sputnik 1 program the Soviet Union began a plan to put an animal into space to test the effects space would have on it. The program was called Sputnik ll. The Soviets chose a dog named Laika, a stray, originally named Kudryavka (Little Curly). She underwent training with two other dogs, and was eventually chosen as the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 hat was launched into outer space on November 3, 1957. -
Hippies
Hippies rejected rationality, order, and traditional middle-class values. They wanted to build a utopia. Much of this was a reaction to the 1950s stereotype of the white-color man who led a constricted colorless life. -
Feminism
A new women's movement had emerged as many women became discontent with their status and treatment in American society. The movement became knows as the feminist movement or the women's liberation movement. -
The New Left
Some young people were concerned about the injustices in the country. To them, a small wealthy elite controlled politics, and wealth itself was unfairly divided. That group became known as the New Left. The Old Left advocated socialism and communism. -
First Television Debate
The first television debate was held in the 1960s between Kennedy and Nixon. It didn't have color, it was all black and gray. The only channels were CBS, NBC, and ABC.
Source- www.cnn.com -
Kennedy was elected President
Kennedy was elected President on November 8th, 1960. he became the 35th President. He was the youngest President ever. Kennedy's received only 118,000 more votes then Nixon in the election.
Source: www.whitehouse.gov -
Yuri Gagarin Becomes First Man in Space
Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to Journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth in April 1961. Gagarin became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, the nation's highest honor. -
Freedom Riders
Freedom riders were civil rights activists who rode national busses into the deep south. The South reacted with violence against the riders. Freedom riders gained national attention, the Federal government banned segregation in all travel facilities including waiting rooms, rest rooms, and lunch counters. -
Alan Shepard becomes the first American in outer space
Alan Shepard was launched on Freedom 7 on a sub-orbital spaceflight aboard a Mercury- Red stone rocket, and becomes the first American in outer space. On May 6th, Kennedy meets with Alan Shepard at the White House to congratulate him on becoming the first American in space.
Source: 1960s notes in class -
Kennedy Announces Decision to go to the Moon
On May 25h, 1961, President John F. Kennedy announced before a special joint session of Congress the dramatic and ambitious goal of sending an American safety to the Moon before the end of the decade. A number of political factors affected Kennedy's decision and the timing of it. Kennedy felt great pressure to have the United States "catch up to and overtake: the Soviet Union in the Space Race. -
East Germany Begins Berlin Wall
August 13, 1961, East Germany began building the Berlin Wall. In June 1961, President John Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, Austria, but failed to resolve the conflict. Khrushchev wanted others to leave the western section of Berlin to Soviet-controlled East Germany. He threatened things. On July 25, Kennedy told the American people about the threat to West Berlin and said he was going to protect them. Kennedy gave possibility of negotiation, and had no claim to Berlin. -
Albany Movement
The goal was to desegregate Albany, GA. King was arrested twice during the movement. The police arrested so many people that the movement ran out of protestors. The Albany Movement failed. -
John Glenn Orbits the Earth
Nasa launched one of the most important flights in American history. The mission was to send man to orbit Earth and return him home safely. John Glenn was the pilot of this historic flight and soon became a national hero and a symbol of American ambition. John Glenn instantly became a hero. -
Students for a Democratic Society
A prominent organization within the New Left was Students for a Democratic Society, founded in 1959. It defined its views in a 1962 declaration knows as the Port Huron Statement. The Declaration called for an end to apathy and urged citizens to stop accepting a country run by bug corporations and big government. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1960 there was a crisis that involved missiles in Cuba. Nikita supported putting missiles on Cuba, that way the USSR would have close missiles to attack the USA, if a nuclear war broke out. President Kennedy found it unacceptable, and demanded that there not be missiles put on Cuba. In the end, the USA agreed to allow Cuba to remain Communist and the USSR agreed to not place missiles on the island.
Source- Cuban Missile Crisis worksheet in class -
Cuban Blockade Lifted
After the Cuban missile crisis, President Kennedy, lifted the blockade on Cuban. He lifted it because the Soviets said that all the nuclear weapons have been removed from Cuba. (It was a naval blockade)
Source- www.history.com -
Fun facts about TVS during the 1960s
Mixture of black and white shows and color shows, sometimes the same show just different seasons. TV affects news and politics. CBS, NBC, ABC were the only channels for decades – carry over from old radio shows. Families could usually only afford one TV.
Source: Pop culture powerpoint -
Birmingham, AL
The goal was to desegregate Birmingham, AL. The strategy was to anger the chief of police, his name was Bull Connor. King was arrested, while he was in jail he wrote "The Letter From a Birmingham Jail." What happened during the protest shocked the country. MLK wins, weeks later four girls die in a church bombing. -
Kennedy Gives American University Address
On June 10, 1963, President John Kennedy gave a commencement address at American University. In it, he addressed relations between the United States and the Soviet Union and a nuclear test ban treaty.
Source- www.millercenter.org -
First Zip Code
The United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for many large cities in 1943. The "16" is the number of the postal zone in the specific city. By the early 1960s, a more organized system was needed, and non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide on July 1, 1963. -
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
On August 28, 1963 people traveled to Washington, D.C., to demonstrate their support for civil rights legislation before Congress. The leaders led a nonviolent march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. Before a large crowd and a national television audience, Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. The civil rights leaders increased the pressure on Congress and President John Kennedy to pass the rights.
Source- www.millercenter.org -
The March on Washington
The March on Washington took place in August of 1963. More than 250,000 people came from all over the country, even more than 75,000 whites came. Civil right leaders all gave speeches at the march and MLK delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. Kennedy watched the speech and was impressed but it wasn't enough to get the Congress to have the Civil Rights Bill. -
President Diem's Death
South Vietnam's President Diem was overthrown in a military coup. The coup took place with the tacit approval of the United States. Diem was killed during the coup, despite assurances that he would not be. Lodge believed that cutting off US funds to South Vietnam would provide the impetus to begin a coup.
Source: historycentral.com -
Kennedy Shot in Dallas
While the President and First Lady were riding in a motorcade with Texas governor John Connally and his wife, the open limousine turned into Dealey Plaza and gunshots rang out. Kennedy, shot in the neck and the head, was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital. A short time later, President John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead. With a blood-stained Jacquelyn Kennedy at his side, Vice President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as President of the United States.
Source- www.millercenter.org -
Kennedy is buried
Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, three days afters he was shot dead in Dallas, Texas. He was buried there because he was a World War II veteran, he qualified for a plot at Arlington National Cemetery, but he also deserved a special site befitting his presidential status.
Source- www.history.com -
Freedom Summer
African Americans wanted to put pressure on Congress to pass a voter rights act. They focused on Mississippi and it was called Freedom Summer. The KKK held rallies to intimidate the volunteers. In August FBI agents found the bodies of three civil rights workers. Civil rights leaders reported three deaths, 35 shootings, 30 fire bombings and 80 mob attacks. A thousand volunteers were arrested. -
Civil Rights Act Signed
July 2nd, 1964 Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, the most important act since the Reconstruction. It banned discrimination in public facilities and employment based on race, color, religion, sec, and national origin. -
Civil Rights Act
Congress gave the women's movement another boost by including them in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The law outlawed job discrimination not only on the basis of race, color, religion, and national origin, but also on the basis of gender. The law provided a strong legal basis for the changes the women's movement would later demand. -
Gulf of Tonkin
Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin
Source: britannica -
Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder was the title of a gradual and sustained aerial bombardment campaign conducted by the United States (U.S.) 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
Source: wikipedia -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It gave the Federal Government the power to register voters where locals prevented blacks from voting. By 1968, one million blacks registered to vote. The first time since reconstruction, blacks elected to local, state and national offices. -
Fashion During the 1960s
Beatnik: wearing all black, stripes, black sunglasses
Hippie: bright colors, bell bottoms, flowy skirts.
Ivy League: sweaters, neat and tidy, blazers.
British Invasion: line dresses, bright colors and patterns.
Surf: shorts, stripes, boat shoes, flowers. -
Operation Cedar Falls
After the success of Operation Attleboro, Operation Cedar Falls is launched. The goal of the operation is to rout out Viet Cong base camps in the Iron Triangle. Americans commanders hoped that the Vietcong forces will standard fight. The operation is designed as a classic Hammer and Anvil operation, and includes a number of U.S. and ARVN divisions. The operation is successful in uncovering large caches of arms and other equipment.
Source: historycentral.com -
First Super Bowl
The first Super Bowl was held on January 15, 1967. Arising out of a merger of the National Football League and the American Football League, it was originally called the “AFL-NFL World Championship Game.” It was hosted in Los Angeles, California, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/sports/Super-Bowl -
First Heart Transplant
On 3 December 1967, a large medical, nursing, and technical team led by the surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human to human heart transplant, placing Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, on the international map. This led to unprecedented media coverage.
Source: https://academic.oup.com -
Tet Offensive
A combined assault by Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army on US positions begins. More than 500 civilians die in the US massacre at My Lai. Thousands are killed by communist forces during their occupation of the city of Hue. The offensive was an attempt to foment rebellion among the South Vietnamese population and encourage the United States to scale back its involvement in the Vietnam War. -
My Lia Massacre
The My Lia Massacre was the mass murder of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops in South Vietnam. It took place on March 16th, 1968. It was one of the most horrific incidents of violence committed against unarmed civilians during the Vietnam War. -
Hippies began to Fade
After a few years, the counterculture movement began to decline greatly. Hippie communities became dangerous places because of the drug use. The drug use began to ware off as more and more young people became addicted and died from overdose. Many people in the movement had also gotten older and moved on in their live. -
Music for Counterculture musicians
Counterculture musicians made use of folk music and the rhythms of rock n roll and wrote heartfelt lyrics that expressed the hopes and fears of their generations. Thousands of people gathered to listen to their new music. -
Armstrong Walks on the Moon
Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon. The Apollo 11 landing on the surface on the moon occurred at 3:17 pm on July 20th, 1969. About 15 minutes after the first step, Buzz Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface and became the second human to set foot on the Moon. The due began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. -
Equal Rights Amendment
the women's movement seemed to be off to a strong start when Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment in march 1972. The amendment specified that "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." -
Ms.
When NOW set out to pass an Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution, its membership rose to over 200,000. By July 1972, the movement had its own magazine, Ms., which kept readers informed about women's issues. The editor of the magazine was Gloria Steinem, an author who became on of the movements leading figures. -
Saigon Falls
The South Vietnamese stronghold of Saigon (now known as Ho Chi Minh City) falls to People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong on April 30, 1975. The South Vietnamese forces had collapsed under the rapid advancement of the North Vietnamese.
Source: history.com -
Voyager Program Started
The Voyager program is a series of U.S. unmanned space missions that consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probs, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was previously known. -
Vietnamese Troops Withdraw from Cambodia
The Vietnamese military withdrew in January 1978, even though its political objectives had not been achieved; the Khmer Rouge remained unwilling to negotiate seriously. Small-scale fighting continued between the two countries throughout 1978, as China tried to mediate peace talks between the two sides.
Source: wikipedia -
Sally Ride: First American Women in Space
Sally Ride was on of 8,000 people to answer an advertisement in a newspaper seeking applicants for the space program. She joined NASA in 1978. During her career, Ride served as the ground-based Capsule Communicator for the second and third Space Shuttle flights and helped develop the Space Shuttle's robot arm. On June 18, 1983, she became the first American women in space as a crew member on Space Shuttle Challenger for STS-7. -
GPS Positioning Made Possible
The first GPS satellite was launched in 1989, and the 24th and last satellite was launched in 1994 and GPS became fully operational. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There was no subscription fees or set charges to use GPS. Today GPS is available in phones, computers, directional devices, and countless other devices. -
Mars Rover Explores Mars
The Mars rover is an automated motor vehicle which propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars after landing. The first successful Mars rover was Sojourner. It was launched by NASA on December 4, 1996, and landed July 4, 1997. It was the first to use a new radical landing technique whereby the impact of the spacecraft was mitigated by its placement inside a multi-cell ballon that bounced and rolled across the Martian surface, killing it's momentum.
