-
Period: to
Baby Boom
Who in power: Duplessis
Major changes:
-Increased birth rate,
-lower infant mortality rate (more babies delivered in hospitals)
Significance:
-a larger population emerging. In the early 1950s, 1/4 of the population were children under 10 years old
-there was better care for babies Reflections, p. 218 -
Period: to
Maurice Duplessis era
*Cause: The Union National elected.
-After WWII
-Interventionist Federal Government-- equalization payments
- provinces angry about lost power
*Who: Duplessis
*Changes: economic liberalism, provincial autonomy + clericalism. traditional way of life -- encouraged agriculture -- electricity to farmers,
-church involvement: healthcare + education
-American companies exploit natural resources
*Result: Quebec more independent, more religion. (class notes 9+10 -
Period: to
The Cold War
Who was in power in Canada: William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Joe Clark
Main situation: USA and USSR are engaged in an ideological standoff + arms race.
Major changes:
-Increased investment in Canada
-increased exploitation of raw materials, (primarily ore)
-Increased exports to USA (38.9% to 65.1% from 1946 to 1950) Reflections Textbook p.207, Timetoast Assignment document -
Refus Global Manifesto
*Cause: Artists + intellectuals wanted secularism
-Duplessis had put church in charge of edu, + health which pushed social conservatism
-People's reaction to clericalism
*what: Borduas, Riopelle + 15 others wrote secular
manifesto "Refus Global"
*Effect: More people against Duplessis' gov -
Adoption of the Quebec flag
*Cause: Duplessis wants provincial power-- Independent of Federal Gov
-He criticized equalization system
*Result:
-creation of flag (fleurdelisé)
-Made it clear to the federal government the values of Duplessis
*Impact: Later premiers would continue vouching for Quebec independence + identity
-eventually creates more distinct Quebecquois culture (Class notes, slide 10) -
Asbestos Strike
*cause: Workers want better conditions, more $
-Duplessis against unions-- thinks them communist
-Duplessis supports Employers
*What: strike, police violently acted to suppress it
*Impact: Common workers treated badly, led to more protests + hatred of Duplessis (class notes 14+16) -
Arrival of Television in Québec
Cause:
-Higher wages-- More purchasing power-- more people buying TVs
-work hours had decreased-- more time for leisure
Effect:
-More people bought + watched TV
Impact:
- TV causes society to start to become mass consumers due to advertisements + more purchasing power
-Quebecers gained increasing exposure to American shows which promoted the "American Lifestyle" (values: freedom, economic success, individualism)-- Americanism
-change in the lifestyle of families Textbook p.217+218 -
Increase in Accessibility to Contraception
Cause:
-There were already tensions where Women wanted to work and not have large families that they would have to manage
-beginning of new values (less important to have large families)
-Women wanted a choice
Immediate Effect:
-More women took contraceptives
-Fertility rate decreased
Long-term Impact
-Birth rate decreased (Decreased by 10 births per 1000 of a population from 1961 to 1971)
-People had smaller families Textbook p.240 -
Period: to
Lesage Govornment
*Who is in power: Jean Lesage, Parti Liberal
*Major changes: Welfare state, interventionist, secular, economic nationalism
*Significance:
-more educated people
-people are healthier-- accessible free health care
-workers are supported via pension plan (Caisse de dépôt et placement du Quebec ) + labour code
-Crown corporations-- French Businesses-- Fewer American businesses have power.
-More Quebequois identity ( Affirmation mesures)
-Increase civil service class notes (28,30,31,34) -
Nationalization of Electricity
Cause:
-private (usually American) companies formally in charge of hydroelectricity -- gov not in control of economy (economic liberalism)
Effect: make electricity government owned + operated by buying all electricity companies to become Hydro Quebec
Impact:
-reliable supply of electricity (even remote regions)
-many new jobs for Quebecers
-increased revenue for the state
-gov more in charge of the economy (interventionist) via economic nationalism Class slides: 31 -
Bill 16 – Married Women Gain Legal Independence
Cause:
-Women were previously not allowed to carry out financial transactions or sign legal documents without getting their husband's consent -- this is unjust, and Women demanded this change
Effect:
-Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain got bill 16 passed Act Respecting the Legal Capacity of Married Women which allowed them to to carry out their own financial transactions + sign legal documents
Impact:
-Women have more rights, + more autonomy textbook p.250 -
Creation of the Ministry of Education (Parent Report Recommendations)
Cause:
-Previously, education was the church's jusristdiction, and it needed major reforms -- education was not free, and children left school at a young age to work
-wanted more standardized edu.
-part of the Quiet Revolution
Effect:
-create high quality + accessible public system regardless of social class
-co-ed to promote girl's education
-compulsory attendance to 15
impact:
-More people get education
-Higher levels of education overall class slides 28 -
Expo 67
Cause in Quebec:
-Wanted to be part of Expo 67
Effect:
-MTL metro opens
-arts and cultural vitality ( a result of the quiet revolution) at Place des arts
-shows off Quebec's industrial progress (ex. metro)
Impact:
-Puts Quebec on world map
-Continues to build Quebec identity (Quebec nationalism) class slides 37 -
October Crisis
Cause:
-FLQ becoming more radical in their separatism -- targeting Anglophone power (eg. bombs in Westmount mailboxes + stock exchange)
-More separatism overall
Effect:
-The kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross and Liberal minister Pierre Laporte,
-The killing of Laporte
-The Invocation of the War Measures act
Impact:
leads to the rise of the parti Quebecois (continued and increased separatist beliefs) class slides slide 46 -
Bill 22 – French as Québec’s Official Language
Cause:
- allophone's children would go to English school instead of French school - English = language of trade
- Francophones worried that french was losing ground to English Effect:
- French=only official language of Quebec
- restricted access to English School Impact:- reinforced French identity in Quebec
- since allophone's children went to french school- increased francophones
- lingual separation from Canada: Canada=French and English while Quebec=French only
-
James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement
Cause:
-Quebec gov wants to continue developing hydroelectricity
-building -- disrupt indigenous land
Effect:
-treaty signed between Quebec gov + Inuit + Cree to:
-Protect the land, fishing and hunting rights
-grant the indigenous people monetary compensation for the hydroelectric development
Impact:
-move to respect the indigenous people more ( gov previously exploited whatever land they wanted without consulting + agreeing on terms with indigenous) class slide 47 -
Period: to
René Lévesque and the parti Québecois are in office
Who: René Levesque
Major changes:
-Charter of the French Language
-Act to Govern the Financing of Political Parties
-Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land
-The prioritization of francophone immigrants
-Rand Formula
-Act respecting Labour Standards
Significance:
-The first time the Parti Quebecois is elected -- a party more focused on Quebec sovereignty and Quebecois identity Class slides: 55, 56, 58, 59 and 60 -
Bill 101 – The Charter of the French Language
Cause:
- Continuation of bill 22
- Francophones continues to want to make Quebec more French (protect and promote it) Effect:
- like bill 22: children of immigrants attend francophone school until end of high school
- pubic and commercial signs in French only Impact
- Quebec more Francophone
- French more present in society
- Anglophones leave for Ontario (90,000 over 5 years)