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Period: to
WWI
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Treaty of Versailes
They were the 3 most important people in the signing of the treaty. David Llloyd George, Georges Clemenceau,and Woodrow wilson. It was the treaty that ended World War I. It left Eurpoe devasted. -
Period: to
1918-1939
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*Italy* Allies Win
1918 The Allies win WW1 -
*Great Britain* Self-Declsred Independence
A declaration of independence was ratified by Dáil Éireann, the self-declared Republic's parliament in January 1919. -
*Great Britain* Irish Republican Army
A Anglo-Irish War was fought between Crown forces and the Irish Republican Army between January 1919 and June 1921. -
*Italy* Socialist parties
Socialist parties were also gaining support, and in the 1919 elections it was the Socialist Party that gained the most votes. -
*Germany* Paul Whiteman Band Brings American Jazz to Germany
Jazz music became a symbol of American culture to Germans and was both admired and reviled by members of the German public and intellectuals. -
*Germanyl* Founding of the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers' party as a spy for the army and later became its leader. -
*Italy*The National Fascist Party
The National Fascist Party was another post-war party that began to gain support in the early 1920s. -
*Great Britain* Ireland gaisn Independence
Republic of Ireland gains independence -
*Great Britain* The Birth of Ireland
Northern Ireland was created in 1920, and the Irish Free State -
*United States*Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson: a Democrat who was president -
*Japan* Hara Takashi
n 1918 Hara Takashi (1856-1921), a protégé of Saionji and a major influence in the prewar Seiyokai cabinets, had become the first commoner to serve as prime minister. -
*Italy* Chamber of Deputies
In the elections of May 1921, 35 fascists, including Mussolini, were elected to the Chamber of Deputies, representing about 250,000 official party members drawn mostly from the lower middle class. -
*Italy* The Washington Conference
November 1921: The Washington Conference is Held The United States convenes the Washington Conference, attended by Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, China, Japan, and Portugal. The Conference results in a naval armaments treaty that sets a ratio for tonnage of capital ships (over 10,000 tons, with guns bigger than eight inches) for Great Britain, the US, Japan, France, and Italy. -
*Italy* Clashes
In 1922 clashes between the left-wing and right-wing factions emerged in Italy. -
*Japan* Comintern
The Comintern realized the importance of Japan in achieving successful revolution in East Asia and actively worked to form the Japan Communist Party (Nihon Kyosanto), which was founded in July 1922 -
*Germany* Founding of Hitler Youth
The first Nazi youth organization It was disbanded with Hitler‘s arrest following the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. -
*Italy* March of Rome
On October 26, 1922, Mussolini decide to take advantage of the peoples' fear of a revolution to seize power. The March on Rome was to establish Mussolini and the Fascists party as the most important political party in Italy. -
*Italy* Benito
The Fascists named Benito Mussolini the Prime Minister of Italy -
*Soviet Union* Stalin
Trotsky's main competition for power was Joseph Stalin. Stalin had been involved in the Communist Party since before the Revolution. He served under Lenin as commissar for nationalities, and in 1923 became general secretary of the party. -
*Soviet Union* Rapid Industrialiaztion
In the period of rapid industrialization and mass collectivization preceding World War II, Soviet employment figures experienced exponential growth. 3.9 million jobs per annum were expected by 1923, but the number actually climbed to an astounding 6.4 million. -
*Great Britain* Labour Election
Labour won the 1923 election, but in 1924 Baldwin and the Conservatives returned with a large majority. -
*Great Britain* Trade Unions
During the war trade unions were encouraged and their membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918. They peaked at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 -
*Great Britain* World trade fell in Half
Britain's world trade fell in half (1929–33), the output of heavy industry fell by a third, employment profits plunged in nearly all sectors. -
*United States* Warren Harding
Warren Harding : a Republican who died suddenly in 1923 -
*Japan* Japan Commmunist Party
The announced goals of the Japan Communist Party in 1923 were an end to feudalism, abolition of the monarchy, recognition of the Soviet Union, and withdrawal of Japanese troops from Siberia, Sakhalin, China, Korea, and Taiwan. -
*Germany* Berlin Riots on Hyperinflation
On November 5th and 6th, 1923, a mob of 30,000 people rioted in Berlin to protest the misery brought on by the hyperinflation. Many of these Germans blamed their plight on Jews who they mistakenly believed controlled the German economy and were involved in an international conspiracy to dominate the world economy. -
*Germany* Munich Beer Hall Putsch
On November 8th, 1923, the Bavarian government held a meeting in a Munich beer hall. Adolf Hitler arrived with armed stormtroopers, jumped onto a table, fired two shots in the air and told the audience that the National Revolution had begun. -
*Germany*Hyper-Inflation at its Highest
Money had by the fall of 1923 lost almost all its value. Workers demanded to be paid twice a day and given an hour off after each pay so they could use the money before its value further deteriorated. -
*Italy* Invision of expansion
Mussolini envisioned an Italian-based empire reminiscent of the Roman Empire. These thinly-veiled plans made neighbors around the Mediterranean Sea nervous and distrustful of Italy, including Yugoslavia and Greece. -
*Germany*Bauhaus School is Moved to Dessau
The Bauhaus design school was founded In 1919 by architect Walter Gropius. Suspicion of its radical design approach and "cosmopolitanism" forced the school to move from the city of Weimar to Socialist ruled Dessau in 1924. The Bauhaus had a profound influenc -
*Soviet Union* Lenin
After suffering a series of strokes, Lenin died on January 21, 1924, with no clear path of succession. -
*Great Britain* Labour Government
A Labour government, under Ramsay MacDonald, was in power for the first time briefly in 1924 -
*Soviet Union* Flag
Endorsed by the Constitution of the USSR in 1924, the State Emblem of the Soviet Union (above) was a hammer and sickle symbolizing the alliance of the working class and the peasantry. -
*Germany*Dawes Plan
The Dawes Plan negotiated international (mainly U.S.) loans to Germany, which introduced stability and a period of prosperity, and contributed to the end of hyper-inflation. -
*Germany* Friedrich Ebert Dies Before Re-election
Friedrich Ebert, a Social Democrat and founder of the Republic, had been President since its creation in 1919. Ebert was loved by few, but respected by most Germans. -
*Germany*Hindenburg Becomes President
General Paul von Hindenburg became a hero during World War I when he and his second-in-command, General Erich Ludendorff, won dramatic victories on the Eastern Front. -
*Italy* Mussolini
1925 Benito Mussolini becomes the dictator of Italy -
*Great Britain* Chancellor
Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill put Britain back on the gold standard in 1925, which many economists blame for the mediocre performance of the economy. -
*Great Britain* Conservatives
The Conservative government had provided a nine-month subsidy in 1925 but that was not enough to turn around a sick industry. -
*United States* KKK leader was Imperial Wizard
The leader of the KKK in the 1920’s was a dentist called Hiram Wesley Evans whose name in the KKK was Imperial Wizard. -
*United States* Gang
Capone was very good at what he did. in 1925, Torrio was nearly killed by a rival gang and he decided to get out of the criminal world while he was still alive. Torrio handed over to Capone his 'business'. -
*Japan* Peace Preservation Law
Fear of a broader electorate, left-wing power, and the growing social change engendered by the influx of Western popular culture together led to the passage of the Peace Preservation Law (1925), which forbade any change in the political structure or the abolition of private property. -
*Japan* Peace Preservation Law
The 1925 Peace Preservation Law was a direct response to the "dangerous thoughts" perpetrated by communist elements in Japan. -
*Japan* Western Influences
Western influences in popular culture in the Taisho period in the 1920s created new tensions as national fervor produced a backlash and a consequent desire to promote and protect all things Japanese. Many of these social tensions are depicted in the novel Naomi, written in 1925 but not translated into English until 1985. -
*Germany*"Black Reichswehr" Investigation
Critics of the military such as Kurt Tucholsky and Carl von Ossietsky had consistently accused the army of funding and arming paramilitary groups, the so-called Black Reichswehr. -
*Germany*Germany Joins the League of Nations
The League of Nations was created by the Paris Peace Conference in April, 1919. In 1926, Germany joined the League demonstrating its move out of economic depression and toward normal diplomatic status. -
*Great Britain* Economic depression
In 1926 the country suffered a general strike. Severe economic stress increased during the worldwide economic depression. -
*Japan* Communist Party
By 1926 the Japan Communist Party had been forced underground, -
*Germany*"Metropolis" Opens in Germany
"Metropolis" was directed by Austrian Fritz Lang and released in 1926. It was based on the novel of the same name by Lang's wife, Thea von Harbou. -
*Germany*Founding of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
n 1927, the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Genetics, and Eugenics (Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fuer Anthoropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik ) was founded by Prof. Eugen Fisher in Berlin. The Institute paved the way for eugenic laws and practices during the later Nazi era, and participated in and sponsored medical experiments by SS doctors. -
*Soviet Union* Trotsky fled to Turkey
By 1927, Trotsky had lost his position on the Central Committee, and was expelled from the party. He fled to Turkey, and eventually to Mexico, where he was killed in 1940 by a Stalinist agent. -
*Great Britian* Free State
In 1922, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland effectively seceded from the United Kingdom to become the Irish Free State; a day later, Northern Ireland seceded from the Free State and became part of the United Kingdom. As a result, in 1927 the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,". Former parts of the British Empire became independent dominions. -
*United States* Poloticians in Chicago
Capone managed to bribe both the police and the important politicians of Chicago. He spent $75 million on such ventures but considered it a good investment of his huge fortune. His armed thugs patrolled election booths to ensure that Capone's politicians were returned to office. The city's mayor after 1927 was Big Bill Thompson - one of Capone's men. -
*Japan* Unstable coalitions
Unstable coalitions and divisiveness in the Diet led the Kenseikai and the Seiy Honto to merge as the Rikken Minseito in 1927 -
*Soviet Union*First Five Year Plan
This 1,700 page report became the basis of the First Five-Year Plan for National Economic Construction, or Piatiletka, calling for the doubling of Soviet capital stock between 1928 and 1933. -
*Soviet Union*Peak Iron
From 1928 to 1932, peak iron output, necessary for further development of the industrial infrastructure rose from 3.3 million to 6.2 million tons per year. -
*Sovit Union* Economic
In 1928, Soviet economic policy markedly turned toward the mass collectivization of agriculture. -
*Soviet Union* NEP
1928 also marked the end of the NEP, which allowed peasants to sell their surplus on the open market. -
*Soviet Union* Population Increase
Between 1926 and 1930, the urban population increased by 30 million. Unemployment had been a problem in late Imperial Russia and even under the NEP, but it ceased being a major factor after the implementation of Stalin's massive industrialization program. -
*United States* Car Price Dropped
This was a car for the people. It was cheap; mass production had dropped its price to just $295 in 1928. -
*United States* Americans have cars
By 1928, just about 20% of all Americans had cars. The impact of Ford meant that others had to produce their own cheap car to compete. -
*United States* Election
In America an election is held in November. However, the victorious president does not take over until January of the following year to allow the government to ‘run-down' and the incoming president time to pick his team i.e. there was an election in November 1928 but Herbert Hoover did not take office until January 1929. -
*Soviet Union*Gosplan released two drafts
In April 1928 Gosplan released two drafts that began the process that would industrialize the primarily agrarian nation -
*Germany*Kellogg-Briand-Stresemann Pact
The Kellogg-Briand-Stresemann Pact was negotiated in Paris by Frank Kellogg, the American Secretary of State, August Briand, the French Foreign Minister, and Gustav Stresemann, the German Foreign Minister. The treaty declared that all the nations signing this pact committed themselves to renounce aggressive war and to settle their differences by peaceful means. All the leading world powers signed this agreement. -
*Germany*George Grosz On Trial For Blasphemy
George Grosz was tried for blasphemy for a drawing he had published of a crucified Christ in a gas mask. The inscription on the drawing said, ”Shut Up and Obey.” Judge Siegert, a conservative jurist, decided that the drawing was a critique of militarism and not of religion and found in Grosz’s favor. The Nazis would later dismiss Judge Siegert for having made this decision. -
*Germany*Ruth Fisher Loses Leadership Position in German Communist Party
Ruth Fischer lost her struggle to keep the German Communist Party from becoming totally subservient to Joseph Stalin. The Communists went on to aid Hitler and the Nazis in their efforts to destroy the Weimar Republic. The Communist Party leadership believed that Hitler could not possibly be successful in ruling Germany and that they would be the beneficiaries of his failure. Their slogan became “Nach Hitler Uns” (After Hitler Us). -
Working Condition sucked
Working conditions were poor, even hazardous. By some estimates, 127,000 workers died during the four years (from 1928 to 1932). -
*Soviet Union* Central Committee
The November 1929 Plenum of the Central Committee decided to accelerate collectivization through force. -
*Soviet Union* Policy of Liquidation
The policy of liquidation of kulaks as a class—formulated by Stalin at the end of 1929—meant some executions, and even more deportation to special settlements and, sometimes, to forced labor camps. -
*Great Britain* Shipping Industry
For over a century the shipping industry had dominated world trade, but it remained in the doldrums despite various stimulus efforts by the government. With the very sharp decline in world trade after 1929, its condition became critical. -
*Great Britain* Great Depression
The Great Depression originated in the United States in late 1929 and quickly spread to the world. Britain had never experienced the boom that had characterized the US, Germany, Canada and Australia in the 1920s, so its bust appeared less severe -
*United States* Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge: a Republican who was president until 1929 -
*United States* Jazz Age
The Jazz Age dominated the 1920's along with Prohibition but the glamour of this period came to a shattering halt with the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. -
*United States* Wall Street Effects
1) 12 million people out of work
2) 12,000 people being made unemployed every day
3) 20,000 companies had gone bankrupt
4) 1616 banks had gone bankrupt
5) 1 farmer in 20 evicted
6) 3,000 people committed suicide in one year - the highest ever -
*United States* Popular
Not only were cars popular. Radios (10 million sold by 1929), hoover’s, fridge’s and telephones sold in huge numbers. -
*United States* Wall Street Crash
In October 1929, the Wall Street Crash occurred. Its impact was felt worldwide. -
* United States* Stockbrokers
. Stockbrokers were at fault as they were happy to accept a ‘margin’ to buy shares for a person ; this was accepting just 10% of the cost of the shares that were to be purchased for a customer. The rest was to be collected when the price of shares went up - as they would, of course.... By 1929, over 1 million people owned shares in America. -
*Japan* Great Depression
Externally, Black Thursday (Wall Street crash) of October 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression in the world economy had a severe negative impact on the Japanese economy. -
*Germany*Joachim Hossenfelder Joins the Nazi Party
Joachim Hossenfelder was born in 1899. In 1917, he volunteered for military service and fought at the battles of the Somme and Verdun. As a student of theology after the war, Hossenfelder was active in right wing Freikorps activities. He claimed in 1922 that the experiences at the front were the greatest and most powerful he ever had and that "To become warriors for God and fatherland was the task the war had set for us." -
*Japan* Party Leadership Destroyed
By the summer of 1929 the party leadership had been virtually destroyed -
*Germany*Wall Street Crash
The United States helped support the Weimar Republic with loans from the Dawes Plan in 1924 and the Young Plan in 1929. After the Wall Street Crash, the U.S. gave Germany 90 days to start to re-payment. Eventually, the impact of the crash forced many German companies into bankruptcy and cost millions of workers their jobs. -
*Germany* Nazis Protest Opening of "All's Quiet on the Western Front"
Eric Marie Remarque’s anti-war book, “All’s Quiet On The Western Front," sold more copies than any other book--with the exception of the Bible--in the 1920s. In 1929, a film version of the book was released in Germany. The Nazis actively and violently protested the opening and showings of the film. -
*Japan*1931 Japanese conquered Manchuria
Manchuria -
*Italy*Fascist Party
Amid the chaos of the early inter-war years, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party, the Fascio di Combattimento, in March 1919. The Fascist Party, composed largely of war veterans, was vehemently anti-communist, and advocated the glorification of war, which they claimed displayed the nobility of the Italian soul. -
*Great Britain* Finacial crisis
During the financial crisis of 1931, George V asked MacDonald to head a coalition government, which took the country off the gold standard, ceased the repayment of war debts, and supplanted free trade with protective tariffs modified by preferential treatment within the empire and with treaty nations. -
*United States* Capone got What He Deserved
In 1931, the law finally caught up with Capone and he was charged with tax evasion. He got 11 years in jail. In prison, his health went and when he was released, he retired to his Florida mansion no longer the feared man he was from 1925 to 1931. -
*Japan* Politics
From 1931 to 1937, Japanese politics was gradually overtaken by the military. -
*Italy*The final League of Nations Disarmament Conference
February - July 1932: The final League of Nations Disarmament Conference is Held The last major League of Nations-sponsored disarmament conference meets from February to July 1932 at Geneva, with 60 nations in attendance, including the United States. However, this conference, like it's predecessors, fails to secure any agreement, and organized disarmament remains an unaccomplished goal. -
*United States* Hoover did not think the Depression would last
Hoover did not believe that the depression would last - "Prosperity is just around the corner" is what he said to businessmen in 1932 when things were just about at their worst. -
*Japan* Rikken Minseito alternated in power.
The Rikken Minseito platform was committed to the parliamentary system, democratic politics, and world peace. Thereafter, until 1932, the Seiyokai and the Rikken Minseito alternated in power. -
*Japan* economic downturn
Japan experienced the deepest economic downturn in modern history during 1930-32. -
* Japan* Economy
the Japanese economy began to recover in 1932 and expanded relatively strongly until 1936 (the last year of non-wartime economy) -
*United States*
The very rich lost money on Wall Street but they could just about afford it. But the vast bulk could not afford any loss of money. This had a very important economic impact as these people could no longer afford to spend money and therefore did not buy consumer products. Therefore as there was no buying, shops went bust and factories had no reason to employ people who were making products that were not being sold. Therefore unemployment became a major issue. The depression took a while to get go -
*Soviet Union*Stalin's Laws
Stalin's laws to "tighten work discipline" made the situation worse: e.g., a 1932 change to the RSFSR labor law code enabled firing workers who had been absent without a reason from the work place for just one day -
*Great Britain* Recovery from Depression
Recovery from the depression began to be evident in 1933. Although old export industries such as coal mining and cotton manufacturing remained depressed, other industries, such as electrical engineering, automobile manufacture, and industrial chemistry, were developed or strengthened. -
*United States* Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover: a Republican who was president until 1933 -
*United States* Depression
The Depression of 1930 to 1933 was followed by the New Deal of F D Roosevelt as America strove to pull herself out of the economic quagmire she was in. -
*United States* AAA Paid Farmers
The AAA paid farmers to destroy some of their crops and farm animals. In 1933 alone, $100 million was paid out to cotton farmers to plough their crop back into the ground! -
*Japan*
By 1933 the party had largely disintegrated. -
*Japan* League of Nations
Japan was criticized by the League of Nations over the occupation of Manchuria. In protest, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations. -
*United States* Farmers benifited from the AAA Paying them
In 1934, the farmers who had benefited from the AAA, hit another major problem – dust storms. These storms destroyed farms especially in Oklahoma and Arkansas and throughout the 1930’s over 350,000 farmers left for the west especially California where the weather created a more friendly farming environment. -
*Japan* Poverty
Around 1931, rural impoverishment became severe. Moreover in 1934, rural communities were hit by famine. Especially in Tohoku (northeastern) Region of Japan, rural poverty generated many undernourished children and some farmers were forced to sell their daughters for prostitution. This rural disaster caused much anger and popular criticism against the government and big businesses. -
*Italy* Italian Empire Mussolini invaded Abyssinia
Italian Empire Mussolini invaded Abyssinia in 1935 -
*Italy* Abyssinia Invasion
Abyssinia is an African country next to the Italian colony of Somalia. The Italian dictator Mussolini wanted to build an Italian empire and as a result had Italian soldiers attack a party of British and Abyssinia investigators in Abyssinia. -
*Italy* Spanish War
. During the Spanish Civil War Italy provided military support for Franco in 1936 -
*Italy*Nazi-Italian Treaty
Treaty of friendship between Germany and Italy, laying the groundwork for the formation of the Axis Powers (which would also include Japan) a few years later, preceding WWII. -
*Italy*
1936 Mussolini and Hitler sign an agreement known as the Roman-Berlin Axis -
*Soviet Union* Agriculture
By 1936, about 90% of Soviet agriculture had been collectivized. In many cases, peasants bitterly opposed this process and often slaughtered their animals rather than give them to collective farms, even though the Government only wanted the grain. -
*Great Britain* Throne
George V was succeeded by Edward VIII, after whose abdication (1936) George VI came to the throne. -
*Great Britain* After Munich
Great Britain had begun to rearm in 1936 and, after Munich, instituted conscription. -
*Japan* Korekiyo Takahashi
Korekiyo Takahashi is called "Japanese Keynes." He adopted Keynesian policies even before John Maynard Keynes wrote the famous General Theory in 1936 -
*Italy* Roman Berlin axis
Italy also began to establish an alliance with Germany. The Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936 was the beginning of the alliance. -
*Italy* Italian-Abyssinian War
Italy captures lands in East Africa, causing a rift with the League of Nations (Allies). As a result, economic sanctions were levied against Italy, causing it to seek an alliance with Germany instead. -
*Japan*1936 Japan signed a anti-communist pact with Germany and Italy
Signed anti-communist -
*Soviet Union*Coal Output
By 1937 coal output was 127 million tons, pig iron 14.5 million tons, and there had been very rapid developments in the armaments industry. -
*Soviet Union*Pope attacks religion
In 1937, Pope Pius XI decried the attacks on religion in the Soviet Union. -
*Soviet Union* Great Plurge
The "Great Purge" swept the Soviet Union in 1937. -
*Great Britain*Jet Engine
Sir Frank Whittle invents the Jet Engine -
*Great Britain* Prime Minister
In 1937, Neville Chamberlain became prime minister. -
*Japan* Japan-China war
Japan-China War began--on July 7, Japanese and Chinese troops had a skirmish at Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing (Beiping). The incident was minor but Tokyo (Konoe Cabinet) decided to send more troops to China. Thus began a full-scale war with China (until 1945). -
*Soviet Union* Mass Purges Disrupts the Country
By 1938, the mass purges were starting to disrupt the country's infrastructure, and Stalin began winding them down -
*Soviet Union*Labor Laws
In contrast, the 1938 legislation, which introduced labor books, followed by major revisions of the labor law, were enforced. -
*Great Britain* Axis Powers?
Appeasement of the Axis powers, which was the policy of the Chamberlain government, reached its climactic failure in the Munich Pact of Sept., 1938. -
*Soviet Union*WWI
The joint Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 -
*Italy* beginning alliance
Italy also began to establish an alliance with Germany. The Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936 was the beginning of the alliance. -
*Italy* ITaly conquers Albania
1939 Italy conquers Albania and Mussolini sides with Hitler and Fascist Germany -
*Great Britain* Soviet-German Pact
With the signing of the Soviet-German pact of Aug., 1939, war was recognized as inevitable. -
*Great Britian* WWII
On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on Sept. 3 -
Germany's invasion of Poland (1939)
Germany invaded Poland and that started WWII
