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Touissant L'Ouverture
-Born into slavery
-Gathered an army and defeated Spain in Haiti
-Pushed for social reforms and had schools built
-Agaisnt racial discrimination -
Industrial Revolution
-Began in Britain
-Handmade items were now being produced in factories
-Cities grew and experienced urbanization
-Pollution increased, damaging the environment
-Brought counties into a modern era -
Seven Years War
-Two different international problems
-First was the dispute between France and the Biritish over land in America
-Second was between Prussia and Austria, Austria didn't want to accept that they had lost land to Prussia
-Diseases raeched the Native Americans, their way of life was threatend -
The Water Frme
-Invented by Richard Arkwright
-Produced stronger thread than the spinnign jenny
-Powered by waterwheels
-First machine that could spin cotton threads -
The Steam Engine
-Invented by James Watt
-Used in place of some natuaral powers such as wind and water
-Patened the pervious steam engines bu adding a seperate condencer
-Took less energy to function than previous steam engines -
The Spinning Jenny
-Invented by James Hargreaves
-Made weaving take less time to do
-Inreased yarn and thread production during the Industrial Revolution -
Britain takes over India
-English East India Company (independent country) controlled most of the trade that went through India
-Had to fight off the French from taking part of India which led the British to own more land in India
-The British enforced a doctrine stating that the East India Company had the right to annex any territory in India
-British rule in India caused many revolts to strike -
Cotton Gin
-Invented by Eli Whitney
-Seperated cottonseeds from cotton fiber
-Revolutionized the cotton industry
-Made cotton production very profitable -
Britain Outlaws Slave Trade
-Slave Trade Act passed by parliment
-Abolished slave trade but not slavery
-Gave fines of 100 euros to people who participated in slave trade, eventually the fine grew to being death
-Slavery wasn't fully abolished until 1834 -
End of Atlantic Slave Trade
-Stopped by the Royal Navy
-Britain persued many countries to try to convince them to stop slave trade
-America had banned slavery, however, did not do much to help stop it
-Slave trade persisted until the 1860s -
Mexican Independance
-Led by a priest named Miguel Hidalgo
-Hidalgo issued the Grito de Dolores to call for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico
-Won independence from Spain after the signing of the Treaty of Cordoba -
Greek Independence
-War against the Ottomans
-Inspired by ythe French Revolution
-Wanted to maintain greek culture
-Struggle between religion, Islam and Greek Orthodox Christianity -
Brazillian Independence
-Little violence to gain independence
-Lost the rule of a monarchy
-Rewaarded independence from Prince Pedro, son of the king
-Won independence from Portugal -
Dissolution of the Janissariess
-Their strength caused their end
-Sultan became threatend by the Janissaries
-Many were killed or bainshed by sultan
-Had become A true state in the Sultan state -
Telegraph
-Invented by Samuel Morse
-Allowed mmessages to go from one distance to another
-Carried messages through electricity
-Made communcation easier -
Afrikaners' Great Trek
-Included about 12,000 to 14,000 people
-Migration eastward away from the British in Cape Colony
-People were in search of fresh pasturelands
-Left in a series of parties -
Opium Wars
-War between China nad European countries
-Caused by the Chinese who were trying to close off trade with the west
-British smuggled Opium into China to balance their purchase of tea
-British won rights to Chinese ports -
Revolutions in Autria, Germany, Hungary, and Italy
-Revolutions spread after the French Revolution
-Great amount of violence in many areas
-National governments were reshaped; people looked for reforms
-Liberalism, nationalism, and socialism grew popular -
Taiping Rebelion
-Revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Empire in China
-Goal was to remove Confucian idealogy and replace with Christianity
-Began under lead of Hong Xiuquan, who believed he had been chosen to reform China -
Imperialization of Africa
-Plan made by England, France, Germany, Belgium and Italy to split Africa
-Disregarded the Africans living there when spliting Africa and so tribes were split apart
-Supposed raeson of imperializing Africa was to "civilize" it
-Counties ended up disputing over who got what land -
Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan
-Ordered by President Fillmore to establish diplomatic relations with Japan
-Had the Japanese authorities sign the Treaty of Kanagawa which entitled them to have a "friendly" relationship
-Treaty led to significant commercial trade between the U.S. and Japan
-Because of Perry, Japan went from being an isolated country to modernizing through foreign relationships -
Crimean War
-War between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman, France, Britain, and Sardinia
-Dispute between The Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church
-Russia had been trying to take land from the Ottomans
-In the end Russia gained land -
Sepoy Rebellion
-Rebellion took place between the Bristishh and Indian native troops during the British colonization in India
-Took British by surprise
-Immediate cause was the new rifles the Sepoys had to use, which were rumored to have cow and pig parts on them (sacred or unclean animals to Hindus and Muslims)
-Hindus and Muslims bagan to believe the British were trying to convert them to Christianity -
Emancipation of the Russian Serfs
-Gave more than twenty-three million people liberty
-Serfs emancipated after the Crimean War
-Russia needed serfdom to be abolished so they could regan their strength
-Emancipation was pushed by Alexander II -
Meiji Restoration
-Events that led to the restoration of imperial rule in Japan
-Took down the Tokugawa shogun, who ahd been feudalist
-Grew a powerful army and navy
-Established a country that was strong in education and in their economy -
Suez Canal
-Connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
-Allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without going around Africa
-de Lesseps wanted the canal to be built, as it would benefit the French
-Many had believed the idea to be impracticable -
Boxer Rebellion
-Boxers were a group of peasants in China
-Wanted to rid China of foreign influence
-Killed Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians
-Weakend the Qing Dynasty -
Aswan Canal
-Built by the British in Egypt on the Nile
-Designed for irrigation and flood control
-Was 1 1/2 miles and 130 feet thick -
Panama Canal
-Built by the U.S., supported Panama in revolution agaisnt Colombia just to have the canal bulit
-Made way for a route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean without having to go around the tip of South America
-Allowed for more trade routes -
Overthorw of Qing Dynasty
-Didn't modernize with the rest of the world, lived in isolation, so were weakend
-Struck by civil disorder
-Death of Cixi and the Guanxgu Emperor left empire powerless and an unstable central government
-Feudalism was brought to an end in China -
African National Congress
-Formed by Pixley ka Isaka Seme
-Unification of leaders from all new independent countires
-Wanted to bring all Africans together as one to defend their rights and freedoms