-
Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
Ottoman Empire
img Islamic empire founded by Osman. In 1453, Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, thus ending a 1100 year rule. -
Period: Jan 1, 1375 to
Songhai Empire
img West Africa. Drew wealth from trans-Saharan trade. Ruled by indigenous Muslim dynasty. Destroyed by Morocco in 1591. Destruction weakened trans-Saharan trade. -
Period: Jan 1, 1394 to Jan 1, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator
img Promoted the study of navigation. Directed voyages of exporation down western coast of Africa. Wished to ocnvert Africans to Christianity. Launched crusades against Ottomans. -
Jan 1, 1444
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade
Started with connections established along African coast after Henry the Navigator's voyages. Portuguese raided northwest coast of Africa and Canary Islands. 80,000 Africans captured or purchased by the end of the century. Steadily increase of purchases thereafter. -
Period: Jan 1, 1444 to Jan 1, 1446
Initial Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
img Ruler of the Ottoman empire. Conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire. Founded many universities and colleges in Constantinople. First sultan to codify criminal and constitutional laws. -
Period: Jan 1, 1451 to Jan 1, 1481
Second Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
See Initial Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror. -
Period: Jan 1, 1464 to Jan 1, 1492
Reign of Sunni Ali
img First king of Songhai empire. Under his rule, Songhai became more powerful than Mali. Was first king to allow Muslims and non-Muslims to coexist during a time when coexistence wasn't readily accepted. -
Period: Jan 1, 1466 to Jan 1, 1502
Moctezuma
img Ruled 1502-1520. Last Aztec emperor. Sent messengers to determine if Cortes was an ally or enemy. Greeted Cortes with gifts and flowers, only to be betrayed. Overthrown by Cortes, and died in battle against him. Moctezuma's naivety led to Tenochtitlan's downfall. -
Period: Jan 1, 1483 to Jan 1, 1546
Martin Luther
img Objected to the way new indulgence was preached. Also objected the emphasis on monetary based-indulgences rather than faith-based indulgences. Wished to reform church from within, not create an entirely new church. Argued that salvation came from religious faith. Rejected Pope Leo's authority after debate in 1519 by burning document of condemnation. Rejection began Protestant Reformation. Printing press aided in spreading of his ideas throughout Germany. -
Jan 1, 1488
Dias' Voyage into Indian Ocean
First expedition to sail around southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic to Indian Ocean. Possibility of traveling around southern tip of Africa discovered. Expeditions around Africa intended to provide access to trade-rich Indian ocean. -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbian Exchange
Began after Columbus' voyage. Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between New and Old World. Revolutionized agriculture. Greatly increased death rates among Amerindian people due to disease and "new" animals having no natural predators and ravaged their agriculture. -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbus' First Voyage
First intentions were to discover and acquire islands near India. Rather than discovering islands near India, he stumbled upon the Caribbean. Believe these islands were part of the East Indies. Reestablished contact with peoples of the Americas and the Old World. Made way for Spanish conquest and colonization. -
Period: Jan 1, 1502 to
Safavid Empire
img Established my Ismail Safavi. Used land grands to support cavalry. Linguistic differences were common within the empire. "Revived" Persia, reestablished economic connections between east and west. Empire strictly practiced Shi'ite Islam. -
Period: Jan 1, 1509 to Jan 1, 1564
John Calvin
img
Highly influential Protestant leader. Published <u>The Institutes of Christian Religion</u>, synthesis of Christian teachings. Calvin's teachings differed from Lutherans' and Roman Catholics'. Claimed salvation was predestined. Under Calvinism, governing committees were elected to regulate doctrinal issues. Calvinism promoted a simplified lifestyle. -
Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Jan 1, 1521
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
img Spanish were after gold and conquered gold-rich cities. Forced natives to search for gold. Natives believed Spanish were gods because of their advanced weapons. Conquered Aztec Empire, 1519-1521. Hernan Cortes and Spanish conquistadors captured Tenochtitlan. Smallpox rapidly spread through Central Mexico, killed hundreds of thousands of people. -
Period: Jan 1, 1520 to Jan 1, 1566
Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent
img Reconstructed Ottoman legal system. Significantly expanded empire in Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. Commanded greatest assault on Christian Europe. Under his control, Ottoman empire reached its peak. -
Period: Jan 1, 1526 to
Mughal Dynasty
img Ruled by Muslims, direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Prosperous period began 1556. Dynasty was under rule of Akbar the Great. Economy, culture, and religion flourished. Taj Mahal was built. Influenced Indian architecture. -
Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Jan 1, 1563
Council of Trent
img Three sessions in which the Council distinguished proper Catholic doctrine from Protestant "errors," reaffirmed the supremacy of popes, and called for a number of reforms. These reforms required each bishop to reside in his diocese (church jurisdiction), and each diocese needed to have a theological seminary to train priests. -
Period: Jan 1, 1556 to
Reign of Akbar
img Ruled Mughal empire. Conquered most of India. Gave military officers income from land in exchange for service. Desired mutuality between Muslims and Hindus despite disputes between the two groups under his reign. -
Period: Jan 1, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei
img Built telescope in 1609, able to magnify distant objects 30 times more powerful than the human eye. Saw that celestial objects were not perfectly smooth spheres (mountains and valleys on the moon, sun spots). Was criticized as he challenged popular ideas and intellectual synthesis of classical and biblical authorities. Leaders encouraged political authorities to suppress Galileo's ideas. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
img Last of the 3 shogunates of Japan. Established by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Created new administrative capital, Edo (now Tokyo). Trade along road between Edo and Kyoto promoted development of Japanese economy and other trading centers. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
img Part of a long series of international conflicts due to monarchs' search for power in Europe. Caused long-lasting depopulation and economic decline of the Holy Roman Empire. -
Period: to
John Locke
img Disputed monarchical claims to authority by divine right in <i>Second Treatise of Civil Government</i> in 1690. Argued rulers gained power from the governed and were subject to the law. Also argued that citizens had the right and duty to rebel if monarchs ignored the law. -
Period: to
Manchus Empire
img In 1644, Machus conquered China and established Qing dynasty, last imperial dynasty of China. Remained in power until 1912, when China became a republic. -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
img Established by the Manchu people. Manchus overthrew Ming empire in 1644. Controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. Due to Manchus being a small population, the Qing dynasty adopted Chinese institutions and policies, much like its predecessors. -
Period: to
Peter the Great
img Russian tsar, ruled 1682-1725. Introduced Western languages and technologies to Russian elite. Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Under his rule, Russia became less isolated and increase in size and power. -
Period: to
England's Glorious Revolution
img King James II was involved in political battles between Catholicism and Protestantism. Government didn't believe King James II was suitable to be in power, and was overthrown in 1688. William and Mary took power. Parliament then limited rulers' power and issued <i>Bill of Rights</i>. Stated Parliament had to be arranged regularly, all taxes must be approved by Parliament, and king and family must be Anglican. -
Period: to
Russian Empire
img Sprawled from eastern Europe, across northern Asia, and into North America. Became a major power in Europe by 1750. Armies rivaled those of other Asian and European countries. Existed until Russian Revolution of 1917.
